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CONDUCTED BY ISAAC HILL. 



"Those who labor i* the earth are the chosen people of God, whose naSABTfl he has- made his peculiar deposits for sihstantial and geni'i.ve virtue." — .Jcjfcrsun. 



VOL. 10. NO. 11. 



BOSTON, MASS., NOVEMBER 30, 1848. 



WHOLE NO. 119 



THE FARMER'S MOATHLt VISITOR, 

 PUBLISHED BY 



JOHN MARSH, 



ISSUED O.N THE LAST DAY OF EVERY MONTH, 



77 Washington Street, Boston, Muss. 



$3* General Agents.— John Marsh, 77 Washington St. 

 Boston, Mass.; Cooeey, Keese & Hill, 191 Rroadivuy, New 

 York City ; Wis. M Moaaisox, Pennsylvania Avenue, u ash- 



iti»iiin City; II. A. Hill, Keenc, N ii.: Thomas Ch\ndler, 



lied ford, IN . 11. 



TER3IS — To single subscribers, Fifty Cents. Ten per 

 '•■Hi. will he allowed to the person who shall serid more than 

 one subscriber. Twelve copies will be sent for the advance 

 payment of fivt Dollars i twenty-five copies for Tea Dollars; 



sixty copies for Twenty Dollars. Tile payment in every case to 



be made in atft ana . 



fgFJKoiH y and tab ti riptions, In/ <r regulation of the Post Master 

 General, may tn all cases be remitted by the Post Master, free bj 



<XrAll gentlemen who have heretofore acted as Agents are 

 requested to continue their Agency. Old subscribers who 



come under the new terms, will please notify us of tin names 

 Ireadr on our hooks. 



Important Indian Treaty— Four Millions of 

 Acres Acquired. 



General William Medill, Superintendent of 

 Indian Affairs, passed through this city Inst night, 

 having bought out all the right of the Menomi- 

 nee Indians in the Territory of Wisconsin, 

 whereby the United States have acquired the ti- 

 tle to four millions of acres of new territory in 

 Wisconsin, embracing land on the Fox and Wis- 

 consin rivers, nnd laid down in the recent maps 

 as parts of Brawn, Portage and Wisconsin conn- 

 ties. It embraces Little and Big Bull Falls, 

 Whitney's Mills, &c, &c. 



Some years ago, Congress granted to Wiscon- 

 sin the alternate sections to complete a canal be- 

 tween the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. The canal 

 could not he made because the Indians owned 

 much of the land. It has now been bought anil 

 two days after the making of the treaty, two 

 hundred squatters had laid tlfeir claims. The 

 land is very rich anil valuable. 



Several attempts have been made to treat with 

 this old and once powerful tribe of Indians, of 

 which Osh-kosk is chief But all have been un- 

 successful, lie is connected with some of the 

 wealthiest and most influential citizens of the 

 Mississippi on the Crow- Wing river, near where 

 the Winnehagoes now are, and on lands which 

 the Government bought of the Chippewas. 



The treaty is a very fair one. for bulb parties. 

 The Indians gel about $300,000 ; and, out of this, 

 a specific sum is set apart for a manual labor 

 school, a grist mill, blacksmith's shop, and the 

 support of a miller for fifteen years. The Indi- 

 ans remove themselves, and thus save those 

 swindling operations which are gone into by 

 contractors in their removal. Thus the whole 

 matter is a plain business transaction between 

 the Indians and Government. There are no re- 

 serves in tiie mailer to make trouble. 



The Superintendent look the whole matter 

 into his own hands, and the whole expense (for 

 travelling anil all) of negotiating this treaty, will 

 not be $150. General Medill, in all his opera- 

 lions with ibis tribe, has astonished every hotly. 

 His success and his economy both are unrivalled. 

 The present annuities of this tribe cease in 1857. 

 General Medill arranged it so as to commence 

 the payment thereafter in annual payments, so 

 that the Indians cannot squander their money, 

 ami yet have it as they need it. It would have 

 been better for the Government could it have 

 had General Medill to negotiate more of its 

 treaties. — Chicago Democrat. 



Exporting Apples. — Ml". Asa Smith, ofLock- 

 porl, Niagara, goes out in the Europa, and takes 

 with him about iwo thousand barrels ol choice 

 apples, of some twenty-five different varieties, 

 selected from the orchards of Niagara county. 



with special reference to the foreign market. 

 We verdure to say, belter specimens of Ameri- 

 can horticulture were never sent abroad. The 

 exportation of apples has heretofore been carried 

 on on ly on a limited scale, and we trust the en- 

 terprise on which Mr. Smith, wiih pure Yankee 

 zeal, has entered, may not only prove remuner- 

 ating, but initiatory to a successful trade that 

 will be, beneficial to the fruit growers of this 

 country. — Albany Evening Journal. 



The Fruit Growers' National Convention. 



The N. Y. Tribune furnishes the following in- 

 formation relating to this Convention, recently 

 held in the city of New York: 



"This assembly which commenced its sittings 

 in Clinton Hall on Tuesday last, was brought to 

 a close at a late hour last evening, by an adjourn- 

 ment to the first Tuesday of October, 1849, then 

 to meet in the city of New York under the title 

 of the American Congress of Fruit Growers, 

 which cognomen it has adopted. 



" Between two and three hundred members, 

 including men distinguished in the halls of our 

 National Councils, were present during its ses- 

 sions ; and seldom litis any Association in our 

 city been convened, comprising more practical 

 knowledge and science. These representatives 

 have been congregated from various and remote 

 pails of the Union, and have come together with 

 the results of their experience, acquired under 

 different latitudes, soils and locations. The de- 

 liberaiioiis, as might he anticipated, were of a 

 highly interesting character to the Pomologist 

 and man of science. 



"The organization of the Congress consists of 

 Marshall P. Wilder, Esq. of Boston, Mass., as 

 President, a Vice President, and n Fruit Com- 

 mittee of five persons from each State in the 

 Union and the Canadas. The State Fruit Com- 

 mittees are to constitute a General Committee, 

 and of which the President is ex ojftrio a mem- 

 ber, and are to report the results of their corres- 

 pondence and labors at the next session. 



" The prudence manifested, anil almost univer- 

 sal desire to act definitely only on such subjects 

 of which there could be no doubt, was manifes- 

 ted throughout the debates and doings of the 

 Convention. There were, however, some fortv 

 varieties of Fruits recommended for general cul- 

 tivation, and a li*w lor particular localities. The 

 Committee are also instructed to report a list of 

 such varieties as are decidedly unworthy of cul- 

 tivation. 



" The business of the meeting being new. and 

 many of the names of the Fruits unknown to 

 the gentlemen of the press, their reports (made 

 from day to day) must necessarily he somewhat 

 defective. To remedy this we understand that 

 the Secretaries ol the Convention will compare 

 and collate their notes, and prepare a full report 

 of the doings of the Convention, which report 

 will he published and sent to every delegate ami 

 to every Horticultural ami other kindred Socie- 

 ties in the country. 



"The best feelings prevailed among the mem- 

 bers during the session. They parted with mu- 

 tual respect and with bright anticipations of 

 meeting each other again at the time appointed." 



Tin; last of THREE thousand dollars. — A 

 C\\ti dollar hill of the Fulton hank passed through 

 the hanaS of the Journal id' Commerce, on the 

 back of which was written as follows: 



"This is the last of three thousand dollars left 

 me by my mother at her death, on the 37lb of 

 August, id 10. Would lo God she had never left 

 it to me, and that I had been learned lo work, lo 



have earned mv living, I would not now be what 



1., - c * 



am. 



The Atmosphere, Vegetation, &c. 

 The atmosphere supplies the vegetable crea- 

 tion with the principal part of its tbod ; plants 

 extract inorganic substances from the ground, 

 which are indispensable to bring them to matu- 

 rity 1 . The black and brown mould which is so 

 abundant is the produce of decayed vegetables. 

 When the autumnal leaves — the spoil of the 

 summer — fall to the ground, and their vitality is 

 gone, they enter into combination with the oxy- 

 gen of the atmosphere, and convert it into an 

 equal volume of carbonic acid gas, which conse- 

 quently exists abundantly in every good soil, and 

 is the most important part of the food of vegeta- 

 bles. The process is slow, and stops as soon as 

 the air in the soil is exhausted ; but the plough, 

 by loosening the earth, and permitting the at- 

 mosphere to enler more freely, and penetrate 

 deeper into the ground, accelerates the decom- 

 position of the vegetable matter, and conse- 

 quently the formation of carbonic acid. In 

 loosening and refining the mould, the common 

 earth-worm is the fellow-laborer of man. It 

 eats earth, and after extracting the nutritious part, 

 ejects the refuse, which is the finest soil, and 

 may he seen lying iji heaps at the month of its 



borough. So instrumental is this reptile 



in pre- 



paring the grounds, that it is said there is not a 

 particle of the finer vegetable mould that has not 

 passed through the intestines of the worm ; thus 

 the most feeble of living creatures is employed 

 by Providence to accomplish the most important 

 ends. The food of the vegetable creation con- 

 sists of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, 

 all of which plants obtain entirely from the at- 

 mosphere, in the form of carbonic acid gas, wa- 

 ter, and ammonia. They imbibe these three 

 substances, and after having decomposed them, 

 they give back the oxygen to the air, and consol- 

 idate the carbon, water, and nitrogen into wood, 

 leaves, flowers, fruit. When a seed is thrown 

 into the ground, the vital principle is developed 

 by heat and moisture, and part of the substance 

 of the seed is formed into roots, which suck up 

 water, mixed with carbonic acid from the soil, 

 decompose it, and consolidate the carbon. In 

 this stage of their growth, plants derive their 

 whole sustenance from the ground. 



As soon, however, as the sugar and mucilage 

 of the fVfA appear above the ground, in the form 

 of leaves or shoots, they absorb and decompose 

 the carbonic acid of the atmosphere, retain the 

 carbon for their food, and give out the oxygen in 

 the day. and pure carbonic acid in the night. In 

 proportion as plants grow, they derive more of 

 their food from the air and less from the soil, till 

 their fruit is ripened, and then their whole nour- 

 ishment is derived from the atmosphere, 'frees 

 are fed from the air, after their fruit is ripe, till 

 their leaves fall; annuals, till they die. Air- 

 plants derive all their food from the atmosphere. 

 In northern and mean latitudes winter is a lime 

 of complete rest to the vegetable world, and in 

 tropical climates the vigor ol vegetation is sus- 

 pended during the dry, hot season, lo he resum- 

 ed at the return ol the periodical rains. Almost 

 all plants sleep during the night; some show it 

 in lliiir leaves, olhers in the blossom. The mi- 

 mosu tribe not only close their leaves at nisht, 

 hut their foot stalks droop ; in a clover field not 

 a leaf opens till after sunrise. The common 

 daisy is a familiar instance of a sleeping flower; 

 it shuts up ils blossom in the evening, and opens 

 its white and crimson-lipped star, the "day's 

 eye," to meet the early beams of the morning 

 sun ; and then also " winking Mary-hnds begin 

 10 ope their golden eyes." The crocus, tulip, 

 convolvulus, and many olhers, close their blos- 

 soms at different hours towards evening, some 

 to open them again, others never. The eondrille 

 of the walls opens at eight in the morning, and 

 closes forever at four in the afternoon. Some 

 plants seem to he wide awake all night, and lo 



