&l)c iarmer'0 iUcmtl)ly lUsitov. 



185 



bor ami of the raw material lias to be deduoted I n great Baviug may be effected, and your irople- 

 from the cross proceeds, and then the balance is ments put in a condition for instant use when 



mi i _„» .1— t :« .1... An ..: n » AH luvrrA i.,,iU Midi RS 



subject to dividend as profits. Throughout the 

 whole process agriculture is the primary ele- 

 ment, giving subsistence to labor, and probably 

 nine-tenths of the staple afterwards converted 



inio fabrics.— .Yew Orleans Commercial, Times. 



wanted in the spring. All large tools, such as 

 wheels, carts, harrows, cultivators, roller's, drags 

 and ploughs, should be housed. 



Paragraphs from the Boston Olive Branch. 

 Farm Work for January. 

 This is by no means an idle month with the 

 farmer. He must be on the alert now as well as 

 during the spring, summer and autumnal months. 

 V\ inter is the time when all the maxims of pru- 

 dence and economy with which nil extensive 

 practical experience may have stored his mind, 

 should he remembered and applied. In the 

 management of his stock, in the judicious pre- 

 paration and economization of his fodder, and in 

 the regulation of his domestic affairs, generally, 

 lie will find sufficient to keep him constantly em- 

 ployed, and render idleness and inactivity dis- 

 pleasing, and a " luxury " too expensive and cost- 

 ly to be indulged. 



' As the wood has been got up, now is the time 

 10 cut, split and house it. Fuel prepared at this 

 season and dried in the house, without exposure 

 to the atmosphere, is much more valuable for 

 purposes of deflagration than when left out to 

 soak and season alternately in the ordinary way. 

 Some farmers practice felling trees for fire wood 

 in August— leaving them uncut and without 

 trimming till the snow falls, when they are cut 

 into convenient sled lengths, and conveyed to 

 the wood yards, to he sawe.l and otherwise pro- 

 perly prepared for the stove or hearth. The 

 better way, however, is to cut at the time ol 

 hauling, which should always he a year at least 

 in advance of the time when it is to he used. 

 Green wood, especially if it be knotty and of 

 poor rift, is prepared with far greater ease, than 

 when permitted to become partially seasoned. 

 By drying in the wood house, it is also heavier, 

 and burns witn a clearer flame and less smoke. 

 There is nothing more perplexing or annoying 

 to a house-keeper, than to he compelled to go 

 out in wet and stormy weather to a pile of green, 

 unseasoned wood, to procure the materials for a 

 fire, which requites a long time and great efforts 

 to kindle, and produces much smoke, but little 

 heat. 



See that jour children attend school regularly. 

 H the weather he inauspicious and severe, do 

 not let this circumstance be an excuse on their 

 part for remaining at home. Harness up your 

 sleigh, take in your own ami your neighbor's 

 children, and see that all are landed safely at the 

 school house at the appointed hour. Get them 

 the necessary books and stationery, and never 

 allow them to absent themselves from their 

 classes unless seriously sick or indisposed. 



The Power of Steam. 



A pint of water, evaporated by two ounces of 

 coal, swells into two hundred and sixteen gal- 

 lons of steam, with a mechanical force sufficient 

 to raise a weight of thirty-seven tons, a foot high. 

 By allowing it to expand, by virtue of its elactic- 

 ity, a further mechanical force may he attained, 

 at least equal in amount to the former. 



Five pints of water, evaporated by a pound of 

 coke in a locomotive engine, will exert a me- 

 chanical power sufficient to draw two tons 

 weight on a railroad a distance of one mile in 

 two minutes. Four horses in a stage coach on 

 a common road will draw the same weight the 

 same distance, in about eight minutes. 



Four tons of coke, worth twenty-five dollars, 

 will evaporate water enough to carry, on a rail- 

 way, a train of coaches weighing about eighty 

 tons and transporting two hundred and forty 

 passengers with their luggage, from Liverpool to 

 Birmingham, and hack again, a total distance of 

 one hundred and ninety miles, in four hours and 

 a quarter each way. To transport the same 

 number of passengers daily by stage coaches on 

 a common road, between the same places, would 

 require twenty coaches and an establishment of 

 three thousand eight hundred horses, with which 

 the journey in each direction would he perform- 

 ed in about twelve hours. 



A more striking illustration of the incalculable 

 saving in time and money produced by steam, 

 cannot he given.— fir. Lardner's Lectures. 



Improvement in working Iron.— Mr. Horatio 

 Anns, of falls Village, Conn., who is extensive- 

 ly engaged in working wrought iron, has made 

 several improvements in the business, of great 

 importance. Noticing the tendency of iron bars 

 to divide longitudinally, when exposed to heavy 

 pressure, it occurred to him that by twisting 

 them, the tendency of the panicles to assume a 

 parallel arrangement, would lie prevented, and 

 the liability to separate obviated. He has, there- 

 fore, invented an apparatus which effectually 

 performs the woik. Tire, for locomotive wheels, 

 ol' which he makes a great quantity, is subjected 

 to this process, which is found to add greatly to 

 its strength and durability. The plan is equally 

 applicable to the twisting of rails for railroads. 

 Mr, A. has also invented a process for healing or 

 melting iron from the pig, by which he makes a 

 saving of three dollars per ton. He has, besides, 

 made improvements in the mode of hammering 

 iron. He has lately erected, and put in opera- 

 lion, a forge, the cost of which was fifty thou- 

 sand dollars, and is probably superior to any 

 thing of the kind in this country. The building 

 is one hundred and fifty feet long and eigluy feet 

 wide. The roof, which is of slate, is supported 

 on thirty-eight cast iron posts, fifteen feet long, 

 weighing one ton each. The whole weight of 

 cast iron used in the construction of the building, 

 and in the fixtures for carrying on the business, 

 is one hundred and twenty tons, and the amount 

 of wrought iron in shafts, hammer-, bolts and 

 hi aces, is sixty tons. He employs one hundred 

 hands — used last year two thousand l\vc hundred 

 tons of pig iron, and produced two bundled 

 thousand dollars worth of wrought iron, in the 

 form of tire for locomotive wheels, axletrees l'oi 

 cars and military carriages, shafts I'm- steamboats 

 &r. With the new works, he will be able t< 

 make one thousand dollars worth of work pel 

 day, or three hundred thousand dollars worth pel 

 year, and with a general saving, over the funnel 

 mode, of one-fifth of the expense — .lib. Cultivator 



Chopped Fodder— Every farmer should pro- 

 vide himself with the implements requisite for 

 cutting the food given to his stock, whether hay, 

 p tr aw, corn, or mots. Cutters, for this purpose, 

 are now on sale at most of our agricultural ware 

 houses, and arc generally so cheap ami durable 

 as to render the cost, compared with their utility, 

 an objection of small weight, especially to those 

 who are desirous of economizing their time, and 

 the amount of feed required for their stock dur- 

 ing winter. Roots should never he fed out 

 whole. Cattle are often choked by attempting 

 to swallow whole potatoes, turnips, &C, and the 

 loss of a single animal will he more than suffi- 

 cient to pay the expense of a machine, and the 



cutting of all the root feed required for a stock 

 of ordinary number, during a w hole year. Knot 

 cutters, when properly constructed, are ensv and 

 efficient in their operation-seldom requ'uing ex- 

 pensive repairs, and a great saving of food besides. 



Tools.- You can now look over your farming 

 impIemer.ts,construct new ones, if r.eeded, and 



Extent of the Oregon Territory.— On the 

 east it skirts 800 miles along the Rocky moun- 1 



tains, on the south 300 miles along the Snowy 

 mountains, on the west 700 miles along the Pa- 

 cific ocean, on the north 250 miles along the 

 North American possessions of Russia and Eng- 

 land. This area or immense valley contains 

 35,000 square miles, capable, undoubtedly, of 

 forming seven States as large as New York, or 

 forty Slates of the dimensions of Massachusetts. 

 Some of the islands on the coast are very large ) 

 sufficient to form a Slate by themselves. They 

 are situated north of the parallel of 48. Yan- 

 couvre's island, 260 miles in breadth, contains 

 12,000 square miles, an area larger than Massa- 

 chusetts ami Connecticut. Queen Charlotte's 

 or rather Washington island. 150 miles in length 

 and 30 in breadth, and contains 4 ; 000 square 



mile.-. 



On both of these immense islands, though 

 they lie between the high parallels of 40 and 50 

 de«rees, their soil is said io he well adapted to 

 agriculture. The siraits and circumjacent wit- 

 ters abound in fish of the finest quality. Coal ol 

 good quality, and veins of Other minerals have 



implements, coi.su mi .... -■ . r i 



mend such as may he out of rep Vu. In this way. heen iow.e).- Exchange 



How far the Provisions of food is due ti 



the Labor of Ma.n. — The mini her of humai 



beings on the earth is calculated at nearly on 



thousand millions: all of these are fed from th 



produce of the ground ; for even animal food i 



itself the produce of the ground. It is true tin 



for this result, man in general must labor, bu 



how small ;,n actual portion of this immens 



productiveness is due to man ! His labor plough 



the ground and drops the seeds into the furrow 



From that moment a higher agency superseih 



him. The ground is in possession of influence 



which lie can no more guide, govern, er restrai 



than he can govern the ocean. The mighl 



alembic of the atmosphere is at work, the rail 



are distilled, the gales sweep, the dews clin 



the lightning darts its fertilizing fire into the so 



the host purifies the fermenting vegetation— pe 



haps a thousand other agents are in movemel 



of which the secrets are still hidden from mat 



hut the vividness of their force penetrates t 



things, and the extent of their action is only 



be measured by the globe; while man stands I 



and has only to see the naked and drenched si 



clothing itself with the tender vegetation 



spring, or the living gold of the harvest — I 



whole loveliness and bounty of Nature deligl 

 ing his eye, soliciting his handj and filling I 



heart with joy. -Bell. />''• Crohj. 



(}y Georgia has cr lencud the product! 



of sugar as well as wme. 



