£l)c jTarmer'a ittontljlu iHsitov. 



1:39 



Feeding mid Managing Milch Cows. 



The grasses, particularly llie clovers, are the 

 best summer food. When these begin to fail, 

 the deficiency may lie supplied by green corn, 

 which is very sweet, and produces a large quan- 

 tity of milk, of excellent quality, The tops of 

 beets, carrots, parsnips and cabbage and turnip 

 leaves, are good. Pumpkins, apples, and roots, 

 may be given as the feiil tails. (Jive oidy a few 

 at first, especially apples, and gradually increase. 



Roots are of great importance when cows art- 

 kept on dry fodder. Potatoes, carrots, heels, 

 tin nips, parsnips, artichokes, and vegetable oys 

 ters, are good. The last three and cabbage and 

 turnips keep good in the ground through the 

 winter, and are fresh and fine in the spring, be- 

 fore the grass starts. 



Potatoes produce a great flow of milk, but it 

 is not very rich. A little Indian meal is good 

 with them, to keep up the flesh and give richness 

 to the milk ; and this is the case with beets and 

 most kinds of turnips, as they tend largely to 

 milk. A little oil meal or flax-seed is excellent, 

 in addition to the Indian meal, !o keep up a fine, 

 healthy condition, and impart a rich quality to 

 the milk, and gives a lively gloss to the hair of 

 cattle, and softness and pliancy to the skin. 



In all cases of high feeding in winter, particu- 

 larly when cows have but few roots, shorts or 

 bran are excellent to promote digestion and keep 

 the bowels open. Three pints each of oil and 

 Indian meal, or two quarts of one and one quart 

 of the other, is as high t'rcd in these articles, as 

 cows should ever have. On shorts, bran and 

 roots, they may be fed liberally. Four quarts of 

 Indian meal, in a long run, will dry up and spoil 

 the best cows, so that they will never recover. 



Carrots arc among the very best root3 for 

 milch cows, producing a good hut not very great 

 mess of rich milk, anil keeping the cow in good 

 health. Parsnips are nearly the same. Rtita 

 bagas are rather rich, and keep up the condition. 

 To prevent any unpleasant taste in the milk 

 from feeding turnips, use salt freely on them, 

 and milk night and morning before feeding with 

 turnips. Cabbage turnip, (or turuip-rooted-cab- 

 bage-below ground,) has no such effect. It re- 

 sembles ruta baga, is raised in the same vvay, 

 and yields as much or more. 



Some keep cons in the barn, by night, in the 

 warm season. They are saved from storms, and 

 more manure is saved. There should be good 

 ventilation in hot weather. Cows are much bet- 

 ter lor being kept in the barn marly all the time 

 in cold weather. To drink freely of cold water, 

 and then stand half chilled to death, is highly 

 injurious. Bui they should go out a little while 

 daily, in favorable weather, and he driven around 

 gently for exercise. Inaction is death to all the 

 animal race. 



Cows and other cattle are badly managed. 

 They are not watered, in short days, until ten 

 o'clock in the morning and their last chance for 

 drinking is about four in the evening. Thus 

 the_\ go sixteen hours without druik, and during 

 that lime they lake nearly all their food, which 

 is as dry as husk. They suffer to a great degree 

 from thirst, and then drink to excess. As a 

 remedy, give cattle a part of their breakfast, and 

 then water them, and water again alter finishing 

 their morning meal; and if kept up, water at 

 noon and at night. If it he too much trouble to 

 take gnoil care of stock, then keep less, and they 

 will he as productive and more profitable, if well 

 managed. We have fed sheep that had con- 

 stant access to water within eight or nine rods, 



and after eating thirty or forty minutes in the 

 morning, they would all go and drink. 



Milch cows are injured by being driven far to 

 pasture, especially in hot weather, and still more 

 if hurried hy thoughtless boys. — Cole's .imerican 

 Velinarinn. 



Counsels for the Young. — Never be cast down 

 by trifles. If a spider break his thread twenty 

 limes, twenty times will he mend it again. 

 Make up your minds to do a thing, and you will 

 do it. Fear not, if a trouble comes upon you ; 

 keep up your spirits, though the day he a dark 

 one. 



If the sun is going down, look up to the stars ; 

 if the earth is dork, keep your eye on heaven. 

 With God's presence, anil God's promises, a 

 man or a child may he cheerful. 



Mind what you run alter. Never be content 

 with a hubble that will burst, or firewood that 

 will end in smoke and darkness. Gel that which 

 you can keep, and which is wbrth keeping. 



Fight hard against a hasty temper. Anger 

 will come, hut resist it strongly. A spark may 

 set a bouse on fire. A fit of passion may give 

 you cause to mourn all the days of your life. 

 Never revenge an injury 



If you have an enemy, act kindly to him, and 

 make him your friend. You may not win him 

 over at once, hut try again. Let one kindness 

 he followed hy another, till you have compassed 

 your end. I5y little and little, great things are 

 completed ; and so repeated kindness will soften 

 the heart of stone. 



Whatever yon do, do it willingly. A boy that 

 is whipped to school never teams his lessons 

 well. A man that is compelled 10 work, cares 

 not how badly it is performed. He that pulls 

 oft' his coat cheerfully, strips up his sleeves in 

 earneast, and sings while he works, is the man 

 for me. 



Evil thoughts are worse enemies than lions 

 and tigers; lor we can keep out of the way of 

 wild beasts, hut had thoughts win their way eve- 

 ry where. The cup that is full will hold no 

 more; keep your heads and hearts full of good 

 thoughts, that had thoughts may find no roam to 

 enter. — Jim. Cabinet. 



.Hum. — The uses of alum tire manifold and 

 important. Incorporated with paper, it presents 

 a hard, smooth surface, fit for writing upon ; fur- 

 riers employ it in the preservation of the hairy 

 covering of skins; it retards putrefaction in an- 

 imal substances, and hardens the tallow used for 

 Candles, lis astringent properties are valuable 

 ill medicine, and its caustic properties, as calcin- 

 ed alum, in surgery. liut it is in dyeing that the 

 use of alum is most important and most widely 

 diffused. It is rare that coloring matters present 

 any affinity to the substances to he dyed; most 

 of them would disappear with the first washing, 

 were there no medium by which ihey could he 

 fixed. The suhslauee employed for this purpose 

 is called a mordant, or liitler-in ; and in this re- 

 spect alum holds a pre-eminent rank. This 

 mineral is also made subservient to other less 

 praiseworthy purposes; bakers use it to give a 

 good color to had floor, am! to swell a compara- 

 tively small lump of dough into a large loaf; 

 iced ginger beer and lemonade, offered for sale 

 at railway stations and other places in England, 

 if narrow ly inspected, will he found imbedded 

 in lumps of alum, which pass very well for ice. 

 — Farmer and Mechanic. 



The Hear of the Niagara Falls.— The 710,000 

 Ions of water which each minute pours over the 

 precipice of Niagara, are estimated to carry 

 away a foot of the cliff every year. Taking this 

 average, and adopting I he clear ecological proof 

 that the fall once existed at Queenstown, four 

 miles below, we must suppose a period of 

 29,000 years occupied in this recession of the 

 cataract to its actual sile ; while ill the delta of 

 the Mississippi nearly 14,000 square miles in ex- 

 tent, an estimate founded on its present rate of 

 increase, and on calculation of the amount of 

 earthy mailer brought down the stream, has jus- 

 tified Mr, I.yell in alleging that G7.000 years must 

 have elapsed since the Ibniratiun of Ibis great 

 deposit began. — Quarterly Review. 



Farming 011 tweuty-one ncres of land. 



Messrs. Editors: — Many of the cultivators of 

 the soil who occupy large possessions, do not re- 

 alize the amount of labor that can lie profitably 

 employed in cultivation; and few farm laborers 

 are aware how small a piece of ground will af- 

 ford full employment to an industrious man, and 

 yield himself and family the comforts of life, 

 and make them an independent home. 



In illustration of these facts, I will give an ac- 

 count of farmer 15. His farm consists of twenty- 

 one acres: one acre of it is occupied with build- 

 ings, yards and gar len. and twenty acres are for 

 cultivation — all made productive by thorough 

 draining and bountiful manuring. A good, sub- 

 stantial fence is all around it, hut there are no 

 division fences. He has fifty-seven rods of pa- 

 tent, portable fence, which is easily removed, 

 with which he encloses one-fourth of the ground 

 lor pasture. 



The firm is divided intofourequ.il parts— five 

 acres in each part. First season, No. 1 is in 

 grass, clover and timothy, for clover; No. 2 in 

 hoed crops— one acre in wurizcls, one in pota- 

 toes, and three in corn ; No. 3 in barley ; and 

 No. 4 in wheat. Willi these crops he keeps a 

 regular rotation each year. The second season, 

 No. ] is manured in the fall with all the manure 

 he has collected the past year, and ploughed for 

 the next season's hoed crops; No. 2 is ploughed 

 in the fall lor barley (he next spring: No. 3 (bar- 

 ley stubble) is sown with wheat ; and No. 4 

 (wheat) is sown with timothy and clover for the 

 next season's pasture — which rotation he uni- 

 formly puisnes. 



He keeps a yoke of oxen, two cows, and twen- 

 ty good ewes, and a breeding sow, for which 

 five ncres of fresh clover on a rich soil will afford 

 plenty of pasture, provided that he does not turn 

 into it loo soon in the spring. The wheal and 

 barley straw, corn stalks and roots, will be am- 

 ple forage for them in winter. He is industrious, 

 economical and prudent. Every thing is done 



well, and in season. The gr id is kepi clean, 



no weeds being allowed 10 grow, not even 

 around the fence; it is made rich by plentiful 

 applications of manure, which renders it very 

 productive. His wheat averages thirty bushels 

 per acre. It will (tike twenty-four bushels to 

 bread the family the year, which consists of him- 

 self, wife and four little ones, and will take seven 

 bushels fir seed, which will leave one hundred 

 and nineteen to sell ; Ibis, at one dollar per bu- 

 shel, will bring one hundred and nineteen dol- 

 lars. His barley yields forty bushels per acre; it 

 will take eight of it for seed, and one hundred 

 and ninety-two bushels to market at fifty cents 

 per bushel, will be ninety-six dollars. The corn 

 averages sixty bushels per acre ; llie three acres 

 produce one hundred and eighty bushels; it will 

 lake eighty bushels to feed the pigs, fat the pork, 

 and use in the family, (for they eat Johnny cake 

 and mush,) which leaves him one hundred bu- 

 shels to market, which, at fifty cents per bushel, 

 is fifty dollars. The potatoes and beets are all 

 used at home. The wool of the twenty ewes, 

 averaging one dollar per fleece, will he twenty 

 dollars. They raise twenty hunts, which he 

 sells in July or August for twenty dollars. 15y 

 taking ihe lambs from the ewes early, the latter 

 will get fat hy full ; fifteen of them are sold for 

 thirty dollars, with which he purchases twenty 

 ewes for next season's keeping — and he has five 

 lat sheep left for the use of the family. The 

 sow has six pigs the last of March or early in 

 April ; five of them, with the sow, are fatted, 



