THE FARMER'S MONTHLi' VISITOR. 



107 



one or iiiol e kiiohbed tubers of a solid flesliy sub- 

 stance, as the potatoe, artichoke, &c. 



18. Uiilhous Roots — are sucli as liave a rouii- 

 disli, swelling, bidbous ibrin, coniposed of nu- 

 merous scales or coats, as the onion, garlic, &c 



I'J. Tap Roots — are such as in the Uirin of « 

 tap descend down into the ground in a perpendi- 

 cular direction, as the carrot, parsnip, red clo- 

 ver, &c. 



20. Fibrous Roots — are such ai= are wholly 

 composed of numerous thrcaily or f liious parts, 

 such as the roots of all kinds of yraiu. 



21. Fadicles or Radicles— in Imtauy, are in the 

 small fibrous roots, wbicli extend themselves 

 in every direction in the earth (or the purpose of 

 collecting nourishment lor the support of the 



22. White Crops — are such as become bleach- 

 ed, and dry while ripening their seed ; such are 

 all the various kinds of grain. 



23. Green Crops — all plants while their leaves 

 continue green, and especially such as having 

 large leaves, draw much of their nourishment 

 from the atmosphere. The Gicen Crops there- 

 fore exhaust the soil much le.ss than the White 

 Crops, wliose leaves become dry, receive nothing 

 from the atmosphere, but diavv all their support 

 from the soil while ripening their seed. 



24. Rotation of Crops— is a course of different 

 crops, in succession ou the same i)iece of ground, 

 fur a certain nund)er of years, after which the 

 course is renewed and goes around again in the 

 same order. There is a diflcrence between a 

 course of crops and u rotation of crops. Thns, 

 if a piece of j.round in sward be broken up and 

 I'lanted with Indian corn the first year, the se- 

 cond year with pota'oes, the third year sowed 

 with oats and grass seed; and mowed the fourtli 

 and sixth year, this makes a course in cro(is. If 

 then the sevenlli your it aiiaiu he binkcn up. plant- 

 ed as before, and ihi' sarni' coursi' of ciopping 

 pursued, it becomes a rotation of cro|)s. 



25. Soiling — is the feeding of cattle, either in 

 the barn or yard, through the summer, with new 

 mown grass or roots. 



2G. Live Hedge — is a fence formed of living 

 plants, usually the white thorn, planted closely in 

 rows, which being ^rimiried annually, and kept 

 clear of weeds, in a few years grow i'lito a living 

 permanent fence, capable of stop[)iiig etfectual- 

 ly every kind of domestic animals. Most of the 

 common farm fences in England are of this 

 kind. 



27. Qtticks — a name commonly given to the 

 voting plants of the white thorn itsed in planting 

 iiedses. 



28. Lm/ers — are the tender branches of trees 

 and shridis bent down and buried in the earth, 

 leaving the top out, in which situation they are 

 fiistened with Ijooks to prevent their rising. The 

 part in the earth sends out roots, alter which it 

 is separated from the parent tree, and transplant- 

 ed in the same manner as the trees raised from 

 the seed. 



29. Cuttinirs or Slips — are ;?mall portions of the 

 twif.'s, branches, or roots of plants, cut off with a 

 knife, or slipped off with the thmnb and finger, 

 for the pmpose of .setting or planting in the earth 

 with a view of producing new plants or trees of 

 the same kind. 



30. Sets — are young plants taken from the 

 seed bed to be set or planted out. Cabbage, and 

 various plants are itsiially propagated iti this 

 way, being first sown in beds, fiom which the 

 platits are taken up and set out iu the tields or 

 garden. 



31. Fallow — signifies land in a state of rest, 

 not being planted <ir sown fi)r a season, but re- 

 peatedly ploughed and lir.rniwed, for the pur- 

 jios • of cKariagit of weeds:, ml dividing and jiul- 



times called a naked fallow, because the laud car- 

 ries 'lO CfOl). 



32. .i Green Falloiv— is that where the land has 

 been rendered mellow and clean from weeds by 

 means of some kind of green crojis, such as tur- 

 nips, peas potatoes, &c., cuhivated by the horse, 

 |)lou ^h atid hoe. The crop so cultivated, and for 

 the above purpose, is called a liillow crop. In 

 this mode of fallowing, no time is lost by the land 

 hein^ left idle or in an unproductive state. Fal- 

 lowiig is sometimes distingiiishcd by the 

 of the" year in wliich the business is either )>i 

 cipally or wholly acc.otiiplishod — ^bence we have 

 summer, winter and spring fjdiow. 



33. Winter Fallow — is only breaking ii|) the 

 land or ploughing in the tall, and leaving it expo- 

 sed to the action of the frosts of the wujter. 



34. Dibble — is a tool of very siiiiple construc- 

 tiou, for making holes in the groun I at eipial dis- 

 tances, in which certain seeds an; sometimes 

 planted, iu this way are said to be dibbled in. It 

 is used al.so iu traiisplaiitiug. The handle of an 

 old spade or shovel, sharpiiii;d at the lower end, 

 may answer very well lor this purpose, 



Hay making iniConcord. 



Maj. Ephraih lluTCHiNs completed his haying 

 on Tuesday, Jtily 27, having iu eight days, with 

 au average of eight hniuls, hdii.-ied forty-eight 

 loads: these would c([nal vciy in ally a ton each 

 load. The ground fVom which this hay was tak- 

 en is less than fifteen acres iu the whole ; and 

 there is not a single load of the whole that is not 

 good stable hay — the most of it heidsgrass and 

 clover. The land from which he takes this hay 

 is the same ground and no more than that owned 

 and improved by the elder "PhtEiiix" for the last 

 tliiity years. 



The spot of swam|) grouml in the rear of tin; 

 State House reclaimed by Mr. lluirhins mnie 

 than thirty years ago fi'oin a useless hog or ijiiag- 

 mire, has before Iihch noticed in the \isilur ; that 

 land was then prrpr.ii'd by carting upon it a coat 

 of clear sand to the doptli of several inches. — 

 With not very heavy manuring on the surface 

 once in three or lour year.*, it has annually pro- 

 duced from that time to this two to "three 

 tons of the best English hay to the acre. In the 

 speculating rage of 1836 a sale of this land was 

 forced from I\Ir. Ilutchius lor house lots; and up- 

 on a part of it two mechanics have erected a fine 

 two story double house with a basement and barn 

 to the level of the swamp: but the priiiripal part 

 of the lot has returned to the owner u|mjii iifiii- 

 paymeut of the consideration. Mr. [1. iliinks the 

 income of this ground fiom its crop of lii\ to br 

 better than would have been the income from the 

 sale for house lot.s, even at the high price at 

 which he sold it. One acre and a half, the meas- 

 ure of the part left to him, this year produced 

 full five tons of good hay. 



Our tavern keepers in Concord ;ue ail great 

 hay makers as well as hay consumers. They 

 make this one of the best hay markets in New- 

 England, for hay generally cuminands as high a 

 price here as it does at Portsmouth where the 

 whole market of the ports of tlie southern states 

 is aUvays open. The Messrs. Gass finished the 

 haying of forty tons in the fortnight ending Sat- 



They paiil tor the grass u|)on the Rogers jilace. 

 two miles out of the village in the edge of Row. 

 nine and a half dollars per ton slanding: that 

 farm which was brought up by the skill of the 

 enterprising owner now deceased, is destined to 

 return to its old slate, having already had the ex 

 haustion of hay for the last two years without a 

 return of maiiine. They also took a piece of our 

 grass, which would have equalled three Ions to 

 the acre if a portion of the ground lai<! down had 

 la.^t season obtained the usual catch ol the clover 

 and herdsgrass seed sown upon it, and another 

 portion had not been injured by the standing iie 

 of last winter's ti'esbet. As it was, less tlam five 

 acres turned out very near ten tons ; and for this 

 we are allowed leu dollars the ton, tiir which we 

 pay ourselves by clearing out, as often as it is fill- 

 ed, the dark cellar under Gass' stable. 



iMessrs. Walker of the Eagle Hotel have pur- 

 chased a hay farm in Bow, on which is spent a 

 portion of the manure made at their stage stables 

 at Ilooksett and this place ; ami tlicy have pnr- 



ulur 





The rent of tlirse live acres fur ciiliivaiion is cue 

 hundred dollars per anmini, payii!;: six |ii-i- cent, 

 upon -S^'-o per acre. It woidd be will if no house 

 lot speculation here had be.iii uoisc than that. A 

 large ]iurtion of the Kent Hill, laid otf and sold 

 for house lots, is a waste unoccupied by anybody, 

 save bv the scores of loafing cows which ram- 

 ble lawless in our streets, and which behave tol- 

 erably well so long as tlir; ihou'jrht of summer 

 holds off, but become extremely breacby, break- 

 ing into gardens and front yards, as soon as the 

 feed from the road is gone. That house lot spec- 

 ulation, coming in aid of the still worse Eastern 



land speculation, was ruinous to much of the best 

 enterprise of the town — it was entered upon, 

 strange as may appear, by several of the most 

 cautious, close calculating aurl industrious Uicn of 

 our place, who have been so unfortunate as to 

 lose both for themselves uud the town their bi st 

 reputation. 



The reputation and prosperity of the town, to- 

 gether with that of .he whole State, and indeed 

 of the whole of New iai.^land, will be best re- 

 stored by going inlu ihe liruimd, by cultivating 



land producing a net amiual income of aboutiive 

 hundred dollars iu its crop of hay the present 

 season noticed in the first part of this article. 



From the observation which We have made 

 while passing through the country, it would be 

 near the truth to say that of the ground mowed 

 over in the six New England States for a hay 

 crop, at least one-half produces less than half "a 

 ton of hay to the acre. It is true that few per- 

 sons, hardly one in a himdied, possess the means 

 of the Messrs. Hutchins of making their cultiva- 

 ted land as licli as it will bear: the manure of 

 I heir stables is on an average one hundred to one 

 hundred and filly loads in the year ; and this is 

 all disposed of ou about twenty acres of land ; 

 but there are few farmers who cannot make the 

 beginning of increase to their manure piles — 

 there are means at band in almost every neigh- 

 borhood for doing this; and if it was not for tho 

 irreiiressible desire of cultivating large fields, a 

 system nnght be cunnnenccd by almost every 

 farmer, the benerils t\t' which would be soon ae'- 

 kuowledged. A small amount of land well cul- 

 tivateil will make a poor man thrive: a hujio 

 tract badly cultirated will make a wealthy man 

 poor. 



If a man can obtain fium uiir acre more than 

 he usually has oblaini-.l Iioim I'.vc .'.rre.s, he ought 

 not to deitiy the ren.,-, jim- .->>i.'hia single day. 

 When hay turns uiil l.ss il.an half a ton to llie 

 acre, the labor and expense of getting the same 

 hay will be dniilile that of getting- it where the 

 produce is t«o tuns to the acre :' fifty loads of 

 niaimre to tin- acre u III raise the produce of most 

 of our hay land uc. Ill out !o the half ton stand- 

 ard up to "at I. Msi III. value of two Ions for five 

 years; and hall' that (|nantit\ for the succeeding 

 i\\f. ycisulll krr|) the land u[i to that point. 

 We \vill snp|M.s,: a n i m ul' ten \ear.s. In the one 

 case l!ic land |iic)ilnc.s wiihunt manure five tons 

 of hay ; and tin' expense (, I' ti'ncing and taking 



uill amount to ihrc,.. lunnhs of ihe vahie of the 

 ■whole produce: say if tla- hay was worth f,vclve 

 dollars tlie ton the annual income upon the acre 

 would be only one dollar and fifty cents. In ihe 

 other case filiy loads of inaniue are applied to 

 the acre at once , equal to a capital of the value of 

 S50, making the acre, worth at fir.st $20, cost $70. 

 The first investment answers fi)r the first five 

 years, at the end of wlii<di leini twenty-five loads 

 of manure will do iiHiic liir the second term than 

 double the (inantil\ did ihe first: bv this it may 

 be calculated that the Ir.nl is actually worth lour 

 limes as miicli at liie end as at tlie beginning of 

 the term; and ll,is sliunld be set down as equal 

 to the whole investineiit Ibr manure fijr the ten 

 years, uliicli will be ¥/,";. \o\v let us turn lotlic 

 Wonderful dilU-icnce i<f tain fiom the same labor 

 in the two cases. 'J'v.enty tuns of hay in the ten 

 years worth !*240 on the land which on the ex- 

 hausting system gave oidy five tons worth $6'0. 

 At the end of the ter:n there will be more than 

 the difference in the value of the land itself to 

 the cost uf all the niannre applied to it. The 

 acre of land in the ten years will i)resent a clear 



«i!li Ihi; s:,tisiaeli(in of ilic )a-u|irietur worth as 



son of good crops where poor ones grew befijre. 



Tiiere is niorc than loving kindness — there is 

 a superabundance of goodness in every part of na- 

 ture. The presence of some races of animated 

 beings is a source of |)leasure to others — the 

 glittering joy of a summer day is occasioned by 

 the general ^tir of happy existence. Suppose all 

 the other creatures extinct, and man lelt the soli- 

 tary master of the globe, what a different being 

 would he become ! how would the face of nature 

 be changed ! there would be desolation, and in 

 the prospect the heart would sink. 



