336 CHYLE, LYMPH, TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES. 



considers it to be a phosphorized pseudoglobulin. UMBER calls it sero- 

 samucin, although it yields only very little reducing carbohydrate. 

 According to JOACHIM 1 it is only a part of the globulin, a view which can- 

 not be correct for all cases, v. HoLST 2 has so far substantiated UMBER'S 

 observation in that he has isolated a mucin substance from an ascitic 

 fluid in carcinoma of the stomach and the peritoneum, which seemed to 

 be identical with UMBER'S serosamucin, as well as with the synovial 

 mucin. There does not seem to be any doubt that in transudates and 

 exudates different protein substances may occur under different circum- 

 stances, although the globulins form besides seralbumin ordinarily the 

 chief mass of the protein bodies. Mucoid substances, which were first 

 observed by HAMMARSTEN in certain cases of ascites without complica- 

 tions with ovarial tumors, and which are cleavage products of a more 

 complicated substance, seem according to PAUKULL 3 to be regular 

 constituents of transudates and are closely related to the above-men- 

 tioned serosamucin. 



There are numerous investigations on the relation between glob" 

 ulin and seralbumin, and JOACHIM has recently determined the rela- 

 tion between euglobulin and the total globulin. No conclusive results 

 can be drawn from these determinations. The relation between globulin 

 and seralbumin varies very much in different cases, but, as HOFFMANN 

 and PIGEAND 4 have shown, the variation is in each case the same as in 

 the blood-serum of the individual. 



The specific gravity runs nearly parallel with the quantity of protein. 

 The varying specific gravity has been suggested as a means of differentia- 

 tion between transudates and exudates by Rsuss, 5 as the first often show 

 a specific gravity below 1015-1010, while the others have a specific gravity 

 of 1018 or above. This rule holds good in many, but not in all cases. 



The gases of the transudates consist of carbon dioxide besides small 

 amounts of nitrogen and traces of oxygen. The tension of the carbon 

 dioxide is greater in the transudates than in the blood. When mixed 

 with pus, the amount of carbon dioxide is decreased. 



The extractives are, as above stated, the same as in the blood-plasma. 

 Urea seems to occur in very variable amounts. Sugar also occurs in 

 transudates, but it is not known to what extent the reducing power is 



1 Paijkull, 4 !. c.; Moritz, Munch, med. Wochenschr., 1903; Staehelin, ibid., 1902; 

 Umber, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 48; Rivalta, Biochem. Centralbl., 2 and 5; Joachim, 

 Pfluger's Arch., 93, 



2 Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chem., 43. 



3 Hamrnarsten, ibid., 15; Paijkull, 1. c. 



4 Joachim, 1. c.; Hoffmann, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 16; Pigeand, see Maly's 

 Jahresber., 16. 



5 Reuss, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 28. See also Otto, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 17. 



