342 CHYLE, LYMPH, TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES. 



BURTON and MOTT obtained a nucleoprotein in the cerebrospinal 

 fluid. Choline occurs in several diseases, as in general paralysis, brain- 

 tumors, tabes dorsalis, and epilepsy (HALLIBURTON and MOTT, DONATH, 

 ROSENHEIM 1 ). Dextrose, or at least a fermentable sugar, occurs habitually 

 in the cerebrospinal fluid, while the claims of HALLIBURTON as to the 

 occurrence of a substance similar to pyrocatechin could not be substantiated 

 by NAWRATZKi, 2 and hence this substance does not exist in all cerebro- 

 spinal fluids. Urea occurs in cerebrospinal fluids, but not always. In 

 the cases investigated by FRENKEL-HEIDEN indeed all the rest-nitrogen 

 occurred as urea and the urea-nitrogen varied in different pathological 

 cases between 0.196-1.12 p. m. Lactic Acid has been found by LEHN- 

 DORFF and BAUMGARTEN 3 in many pathological cases. The variable 

 relation between potassium and sodium is probably due. according to 

 SALKowsKi, 4 to the absence or presence of fever during the formation 

 of the exudate; the amount of potassium is high in the acute cases and 

 low in the chronic ones. According to LANDAU and HALPERN 5 a certain 

 antagonism seems to exist between nitrogen and sodium chloride, as the 

 highest results of the first correspond to the lowest results of the other. 

 According to CAVAZZANI, S who has especially studied the cerebrospinal 

 fluids, the alkalinity of these fluids is considerably less than that of the 

 blood and independent of this last fluid. For this and several other 

 reasons CAVAZZANI draws the conclusion that the cerebrospinal fluid is 

 formed by a true secretory process. 



Aqueous Humor. This fluid is clear, alkaline toward litmus, and has 

 a specific gravity of 1.003-1.009. The amount of solids is on an average 

 13 p. m., and the amount of proteins only 0.8-1.02 p. m. The protein 

 consists of seralbumin and globulin and very little fibrinogen and mucin. 

 According to GRUENHAGEN it contains paralactic acid, another dextrogyrate 

 substance, and a reducing body which is unlike dextrose or dextrin. 

 PAUTZ 7 found urea and sugar in the aqueous humor of oxen. 



Blister-fluid. The content of blisters caused by burns, and of vesicatory 

 blisters and the blisters of the pemphigus chronicus, is generally a fluid 

 rich in solids and proteins (40-65 p. m.). This is especially true of the 



1 Halliburton and Mott, Phil. Transact. Roy. Soc. London, Series B, 191; Donath, 

 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 39 and 42; see also Mansfield, ibid., 42; Rosenheim, Journ. 

 of Physiol., 35. 



2 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 23. See also Rossi, ibid., 39 (literature). 



3 Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Therap., 4 (literature). 



4 See Salkowski, 1. c. New quantitative analyses of cerebrospinal and hydro- 

 cephalus fluids may be found in the cited works of Nawratzki, Panzer, and SalkowskL 



5 Bioch. Zeitschr., 9. 



6 See Mary's Jahresber., 22, 346, and Centralbl. f. Physiol., 15, 216. 



7 Gruenhagen, Pfluger's Arch., 43; Pautz, Zeitschr. f. Biologic, 31. 



