476 DIGESTION. 



preparing vasodilatin. 1 GIZELT disputes the occurrence of a specific 

 secretin and considers this body a peptone, v. FURTH and SCHWARZ 2 

 &lso call attention to the uncertainty of our knowledge as to the nature 

 of secretin. According to them secretin is probably a mixture of bodies, 

 among which probably the choline, found by them in the intestinal walls, 

 acts the role of a secretin exciter. 



A second means of causing secretion is the fat, which probably only 

 acts after it has been saponified. Oil-soap directly introduced into the 

 duodenum brings about a strong secretion of pancreatic juice (SAWITSCH, 

 BABKiNE 3 ), and at the same time a flow of bile, gastric juice, and the 

 secretion of BRUNNER'S glands occurs. The pancreatic juice secreted 

 under these circumstances has about the same amount of enzymes as 

 the juice secreted after partaking of food. We know very little as to 

 how the soaps act. FLEIG 4 found that by maceration of the mucosa 

 of the upper part of the duodenum with soap solution a substance goes 

 into solution which he calls sapokrinin and which when introduced into 

 the blood brings about a strong secretion of pancreatic juice. This 

 sapokrinin, which is derived from a prosapokrinin, is not an enzyme 

 and is not identical with secretin. After the action of chloral hydrate 

 an abundant secretion occurs in the duodenum (WERTHEIMER and LEPAGE), 

 which FALLOISE considers as produced by a special secretin, chloral 

 secretin. The secretion of pancreatic juice can also be increased by 

 alcohol and FLEIG 5 claims to have obtained a secretin, ethyl secretin 

 by macerating the intestinal mucosa with alcohol. Further investiga- 

 tions are necessary of all these so-called secretins. 



The estimation as to the quantity of pancreatic juice secreted in the 

 twenty-four hours differs very much. According to the -determina- 

 tions of PAVVLOW and his collaborators, KUWSCHINSKI, WASSILIEW, and 

 JABLONSKY, 6 the average quantity (with normally acting juice) from a 

 permanent fistula in dogs is 21.8 cc. per kilo in the twenty -four hours. 

 GLAESSNER 7 found in man in one case 600-800 grams in the 24 hours. 



The pancreatic juice of the dog is a clear, colorless, and odorless 

 alkaline fluid which when obtained from a temporary fistula is very 



1 Popielski, Pfliiger's Arch., 128; Popielski and Panek, ibid., 128. 



2 Gizelt, Pfliiger's Arch., 123; v. Fiirth and Schwarz, ibid., 124 (literature on 

 secretin). 



3 Arch des scienc. biol. de St. Pe"tersbourg, 11, and Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 56. 



4 Compt. rend. soc. biol., 55, and Journ. de Physiol. et de Pathol. ge"n., 1904. 



5 Wertheimer and Lepage, Compt. rend. soc. biol., 52; Fleig, ibid., 55; Falloise, 

 Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 1903. 



6 Arch, des sciences de St. Pe"tersbourg, 2, 391. The previous claims of Keferstein 

 and Hallwachs, Bidder and Schmidt, and others may be found in Kiihne, Lehrbuch, 

 114. 



7 Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chem., 40. 



