550 MUSCLES. 



bases besides leucine, aspartic and.glutamic acids, and MicKo 1 found in meat extracts 

 small quantities of alanine, glutamic acid, taurine and inosite, but no dipeptides. 

 In fish-flesh SUWA 2 found creatine, creatinine and methylguanidine, but not 

 the numerous bodies found by KUTSCHER in meat extract. In crab extract 

 KUTSCHEK and AcKERMANN' 3 found no creatine and creatinine, but among others 

 betaine and two new bases, crangitine, C, 3 H 20 N 2 O4 and crangonine, C 13 H 26 N 2 O 3 . 



The base musculamine, isolated by ETARD and VILA on the hydrolysis of veal, 

 is nothing but cadaverine, according to POSTERN AK. 4 



Inosinic acid has been discussed on page 179. We must also include among 

 the nitrogenous extractives those bodies which were first discovered by GAUTIER 5 

 and which occur only in very small quantities, namely, the leucomaines, xantko- 

 creatinine, C 5 H 10 H 4 O, crusocreatinine, C 5 H 8 N 4 O, amphicreatine, Q,H 19 N 7 4 , and 

 pseudoxanthine, C 4 H 5 N 5 O. 



In the analysis of meat, and for the detection and separation of the various 

 extractive bodies of meat, we make use of the systematic method as suggested 

 by GAUTiER, 8 for details of which the reader is referred to the original article. 



Phosphocarnic acid 7 is a complicated substance, first isolated by SIEGFRIED 

 from meat extracts, which yields as cleavage products succinic acid, paralactic 

 acid, carbon dioxide, phosphoric acid, and a carbohydrate group, besides the 

 previously mentioned carnic acid, which is identical with or nearly related to 

 antipeptone. It stands, according to SIEGFRIED, in close relation to the 

 nucleins, and as it yields peptone (carnic acid), it is designated as a nucleon by 

 SIEGFRIED. Phosphocarnic acid may be precipitated as an iron compound, 

 torni/emne, from the extract of the muscles free from proteins. The quantity 

 of phosphocarnic acid, calculated as carnic acid, can be determined by multiply- 

 ing the quantity of nitrogen in the compound by the factor 6.1237 (BALKE and 

 IDE). In this way SIEGFRIED found 0.57-2.4 p. m. carnic acid in the resting 

 muscles of the dog, and M. MULLER 1~2 p. m. in the muscles of adults and a 

 maximum of 0.57 p. m. in those of new-born infants. According to CAVAZZANI 

 nucleon occurs to a much greater extent in oysters, namely, an average of 3.725 

 p. m. It also occurs, as he and MANIC ARDI found, in the plant kingdom. Phos- 

 phocarnic acid has not been prepared in the pure state and possesses on this account 

 a variable composition; according to SIEGFRIED it serves as a source of energy 

 in the muscles and is consumed during work. Besides, by means of its property 

 of forming soluble salts with the alkaline earths, as also an iron combination 

 soluble in alkalies, it acts as a means of transportation for these bodies in the 

 animal body. 



Phosphocarnic acid is prepared from the extract free from protein by first 

 removing the phosphate by CaCl 2 and NH 3 . The acid is precipitated as carnifer- 

 rine by ferric chloride from the filtrate while boiling. 



The non-nitrogeneous extractive bodies of the muscles are inosite, glyco- 

 gen, sugar, and lactic acid. 



1 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 56. 



2 Centralbl. f. Physiol., 22, 307. 



3 Zeitschr. f. Unters. d. Nahrungs-u. Genussmittel, 13 and 14: 



4 Etard and Vila, Compt. rend., 135; Posternak, ibid., 135. 



5 See Maly's Jahresber., 16, 523. 



6 Ibid., 22, 335. 



7 In regard to carnic acid and phosphocarnic acid, see the works of Siegfried, Arch. 

 f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1894, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. Gesellsch,, 28, and Zeitschr. f. 

 physiol. Chem., 21 and 28; M. Miiller, ibid., 22; Kriiger, ibid., 22 and 28; Balke and 

 Ide, ibid., 21, and Balke, ibid., 22; Macleod, ibid., 28; E. Cavazzani, Centralbl. f. 

 Physiol., 18, 666; Panella, Maly's Jahresber., 34. 



