768 URINE. 



have been found where levulose exists in the urine besides dextrose. 

 Reports on this subject do not agree however. 1 



Levulose may be detected as follows: The urine is levorotatory and 

 the levorotatory substance ferments with yeast. The urine gives the 

 ordinary reduction tests and the ordinary phenyiglucosazone. With 

 methylphenyJhydrazine it gives the characteristic levulose methyl - 

 phenylosazone, and it also gives SELIWANOFF'S reaction on heating 

 after the addition of an equal volume of hydrochloric acid and a little 

 resorcin. With this test it must be remarked that too lengthy or too 

 strong heating must not. be applied, since other carbohydrates may 

 give the reaction (see page 211 and the works of ROSIN and UMBER 2 ). 

 After heating and cooling it can be neutralized with soda and shaken 

 out with amyl alcohol, or with acetic ether (BORCHARDT). The amyi 

 alcohol removes a red pigment which gives a band in the spectrum between 

 E and b and on stronger concentration also a band in the blue at F. The 

 acetic ether in the- presence of levulose becomes yellow, and this is more 

 characteristic according to BORCHARDT than ROSIN'S method, which has 

 certain fallacies. The simultaneous presence of nitrites and indican 

 disturbs the test, and in this case first remove the nitrous acid by boiling 

 the urine, acidified with acetic acid, for one minute (BORCHARDT). In 

 order to remove other disturbing pigments MALFATTI 3 suggests the 

 oxidation of the urine with a little hydrochloric acid and potassium 

 permanganate. 



Maltose sometimes occurs in the urine according to Lepine and Boulud, and 

 to Geelmuyden 4 and the latter has suggested a method of detecting maltose in 

 the presence of dextrose by means of the fractional precipitation of the osazones. 



Laiose is a substance named by HUPPERT and found by LEO 5 in diabetic urines 

 in certain cases, and which he considers a sugar. It is levogyrate, amorphous, 

 and does not taste sweet, but rather sharp and salty. Laiose has a reducing 

 action on metallic oxides, does not ferment, and gives a non-crystalline, yellowish- 

 brown oil with phenylhydrazine. There is no positive proof as yet that this 

 substance is a sugar. 



Lactose. The appearance of lactose in the urine of pregnant women 

 was first shown by the observations of DE SINETY and F. HOFMEISTER, 

 and this has been substantiated by other investigators. After the inges- 

 tion of large quantities of milk-sugar some lactose may be found in the 

 urine (see Chapter IX on absorption). LANGSTEIN and STEINITZ have 

 observed the passage of lactose and also of galactose 6 into the urine of 

 nurslings with diseases of the stomach. The passage of lactose into the 

 urine is called lactosuria. 



1 See Borchardt, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 55, W. Voit, ibid., 58. 



2 Umber, Salkowski's Festschrift, Berlin, 1904; Rosin, ibid., and Zeitschr. f. physioL 

 Chem., 38. 



3 Rosin, 1. c.; Borchardt, 1. c.; Malfatti, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem.,- 58. 



4 Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 63; Lepine and Boulud, Compt. rend., 132. 



5 Virchow's Arch., 107. 



6 Hofmeister, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 1, which also contains the pertinent 

 literature. See also Lemaire, ibid., 21 ; Laiigstein and Steinitz, Hofmeister's Beitrage, 7 



