UNDER THE APPLE-TREES 



about startling changes, but have their cycles; they 

 go their rounds over and over, and can never depart 

 from them. Oxygen and hydrogen unite to form 

 water, sodium and chlorine unite to form salt, but 

 their formulas do not vary, and they lose nothing 

 in the cycle of change; their elements can be sepa- 

 rated and reunited any number of times. Not so 

 with any living thing. 



Intelligence, then, seems inseparable from life. 

 Wherever we see adaptation as opposed to mere 

 time-induced adjustment, and purposive forms and 

 movements as contrasted with mechanical and acci- 

 dental forms and movements, we recognize the ac- 

 tion of mind; do we not? The use of specific means 

 to specific ends indicates what we have no name for 

 but intelligence. It is obvious that the hairs on 

 plants, the varnish on leaves, the wax on buds, the 

 hooks, wings, balloons, on seeds, all have a specific 

 purpose; that is, these things are true devices, and 

 not merely chance combinations or fortuitous occur- 

 rences. The ingenious devices of certain plants to 

 insure cross-fertilization are, to me, just as much 

 an evidence of what we must call mind, though of 

 mind of a vastly different order from our own, as 

 any model or device in our patent offices, while the 

 forms of the rocks, the hills, the shore, the streams, 

 the rivers, are in no sense purposive. 



If man, with all his powers and attributes, is a 

 part of nature, and the naturalist can regard him 

 132 



