458 THE BIOCOSMOS HISTORICAL. . 



Life, plant as well as animal, he sees the work- 

 ing of the Soul (Psyche). The psychical ele- 

 ment exists in conjunction with the physical. 

 The result is that he regards all Life, and in- 

 deed all Nature as having within it an End 

 to which it is moving, and which it seeks to 

 realize. Nature is, accordingly, teleological 

 in Aristotle, the realm of an inner propulsion 

 toward an end it is not complete in itself, 

 but ultimately a part of a greater Whole. 

 Herein the universal thinker again appears 

 with his thought of the Universe, in which 

 Nature has its place and character. 



II. FROM ARISTOTLE TO DARWIN. We put 

 together in this caption the greatest ancient 

 and the greatest modern biologist for the pur- 

 pose of comparing and contrasting them. As 

 regards their individual lives, both show that 

 common psychical process which is manifested 

 in every complete career. Each has his time 

 of Apprenticeship, of Elaboration of mater- 

 ials gained, and finally of Realization of his 

 idea, with its application to special domains 

 of knowledge. (For a brief account of Aris- 

 totle's Life from this point of view, see our 

 Ancient European Philosophy, p. 348, etc.. 

 For Darwin's Life, see preceding section of 

 this book.) 



The first fact here to be emphasized about 

 Aristotle is his encyclopedic faculty of acqui- 



