234 . BRITISH FOREST TREES 



to be awaited. Plantations can also be made in the latter 

 part of summer, when least moisture is present in the ground, 

 but the transplants must then have balls of earth attached 

 to the roots, and this heightens the cost considerably. 



The Reproduction of Alder Coppices takes place in the 

 usual manner from the stool, but the height of the latter is 

 dependent on the height to which the soil is apt to be in- 

 undated in spring. Should high water not be probable, 

 felling close to the ground is advisable ; but if there is likely 

 to be water above the ground at the time when the shoots 

 spring from the stool, the latter must be left standing at such 

 a height, varying from one and a half to four and a half feet, 

 as will ensure that the shoots are not submerged, for ex- 

 perience has shown that even a few days' submersion of the 

 stools at the time of flushing is apt to kill off the shoots. 

 Where blanks in coppice are filled up with transplants that 

 have not been cut over above the roots before being planted 

 out, they are often allowed to grow up during the first period 

 of rotation without being cut back to the stool. 



MINOR SPECIES either not capable of forming, or at any 

 rate not ustially forming pure forests in northern Europe, 

 but generally associated in mixed forests along with one or 

 more of the chief species above described. 



Concerning a good many of these it will only be necessary 

 to give a very brief description, as they are included in this 

 work more for the sake of completeness than on account of 

 their present sylvicultural importance in Britain. A fuller 

 description of the more important broad-leaved subordinate 

 species will, however, be given, following the lines above 

 adopted in treating of the chief species. 



