342 BRITISH FOREST TREES 



from copse and coppice whenever the period of rotation 

 exceeds ten years. In general terms, the same applies to the 

 majority of the hardwood shrubs, such as Barberry, Box- 

 wood, Cornel, Dogwood, Laburnum, Spindle-tree, Bladder- 

 nut, Buckthorn, Snowball- tree, and Gueldres Rose, which 

 are all welcome as a soil-covering under lofty standards 

 unable to protect the soil for themselves by close canopy, 

 but can under certain circumstances become very trouble- 

 some during the period of reproduction of high-timber 

 forests. 



