INTRODUCTION. 7 



the lower ones begin to die and fall ; a thicket is composed of 

 sajdings. 



Pole forest means a crop of trees from the time when the 

 lower branches commence falling (the bole thus clearing itself), 

 until towards the end of the principal height growth ; it 

 consists of poles. 



Tree forest means a crop of trees which is passed the 

 period of principal height growth ; it consists of trees, or 

 formed trees. Towards the end of this stage it is called a 

 mature forest or ivood. 



A further distinction must be made, in respect of the 

 persistency of the leaves, between evergreen and deciduous 

 trees : — 



Evergreen tree means a tree the leaves of which persist 

 for not less than one year, so that it is at no season without 

 leaves. 



Deciduous tree means a tree which is leafless for some time 

 during each year. 



Woods may be classified as follows : — 

 Pure wood (or forest) means a wood which consists of one 

 species only. 



Mixed wood (or forest) means a wood which consists of two 

 or more species intermixed ; the mixture can be arranged 

 according to single trees, alternate lines, or groups. 

 Again : — 



Crowded wood, or dense wood, means a wood which is com- 

 pletely stocked, so that the crowns of the trees interlace and 

 form an uninterrupted leaf canopy which thoroughly shelters 

 the ground. 



Tltiu wood, or open wood, means a wood in which the crowns 

 of the trees do not interlace, but form an interrupted leafy 

 canopy which only partially shelters the ground. A thin 

 wood may be regularly or irregularly stocked. 



For the sake of convenience, the produce which forests yield 

 is divided into principal or major, and minor produce : — 

 Priuripdl or major produce means timber and firewood. 



