60 DUTIES OF THE STATE IN REGARD TO FORESTRY. 



(4.) Where forests are necessary on account of their indirect 

 effects. 



Accordingly, matters differ in the various civihsed States 

 of the earth. In some, no State control whatever is exercised 

 over forest property, in others it is restricted to protection 

 forests and to State forests, in others it extends to communal 

 forests and in others again to private forests. 



The control of the State over forests, whatever the pro- 

 prietorship may be, must be regulated by laws. In some cases, 

 such laws are incorporated with the general laws of the country, 

 in others, special forest laws have been passed. In either case, 

 such laws must provide for the following matters : — 



(1.) Determination of the areas which shall be considered 

 forest and are as such subjected to the forest laws, a 

 distinction being made between :• — 



(a) Protection forests, to be described in the next chapter. 



(b) State forests. 



(c) Forests belonging to corporations, communes, villages, etc. 



(d) Private forests. 



(2.) Determination, regulation and commutation of forest 

 rights, and prevention of the creation of new rights. 



(3.) Protection of the forests against unlawful acts, such as 

 theft or damage ; prevention of such offences ; and punishment 

 of persons who have committed forest offences. 



(4.) Protection of forest produce in transit. 



(5.) Constitution of a staff of forest officers, provision to 

 invest them with suitable legal powers and determination of 

 their duties and liabilities. 



The details of these matters cannot be dealt with in this 

 place, and the reader is, therefore, referred to law books 

 on the subject; more especially to Baden-Powell's "Forest 

 Law." The following chapters will indicate, whether, and in 

 how far, State interference is called for under the different 

 forms of proprietorship and in the case of protection forests. 

 As the latter are most in need of interference on the part of 

 the State, they will be taken first. 



