63 PROTECTION FORESTS. 



(c) the construction of accessory works, such as dams, 

 weh-s, erection of fascines, fixation of shifting sands, etc. ; 



(d) the regulation or prohibition of cattle grazing, removal 

 of litter and similar matters. 



The procedure followed in declaring protection forests differs 

 considerably in the various civilised States ; in some cases an 

 official selection of protection forests has been made; in 

 others protection forests are declared from time to time, as 

 necessity arises ; in some cases the proprietor may demand 

 that his forest be declared a protection forest. 



Before the State is justified in interfering or proceeding 

 to the declaration of protection forests and thus imposing 

 restrictions on their management, certain conditions must be 

 fulfilled, such as the following : — - 



(a) The object to be realised by the restrictions must be 

 of public importance. 



(h) The advantages to be derived from the restriction must 

 be greater than the disadvantages caused thereby. 



(c) The realisation of the object must be assured without 

 another cheaper way being available. 



(d) Compulsion should be resorted to only, if private efforts 

 are unable to realise the object in view. 



{e) Compulsion must not go beyond what is actually un- 

 avoidable. It is always desirable to let it be preceded by an 

 effort at a friendly settlement of the difficulty. In cases of 

 urgent danger, however, prompt action must be taken. 



(/) Owners, who are subjected to loss or curtailment of 

 rights, should be compensated. Such compensation is not 

 necessary in cases, where damage is to be prevented for 

 which, if it occurs, the owner of the forest would be respon- 

 sible. Considerable difficulty is frequently experienced in 

 deciding who shall pay the compensation, or how it is to be 

 divided amongst those who are liable to pay it. (Protection 

 against wind, shifting sand, preservation of moisture, etc.) 



The measures to be taken against threatening dangers differ 

 very much. In some countries it is considered sufficient to 



