PROTECTION FORESTS. 63 



maintain existing forests ; the authorities are satisfied with 

 insistinj:f on the areas remaining forest and tlieir not being 

 devastated. In other countries, afforestation of bare lands 

 can be enforced. 



In order to prevent too great a division of property, that of 

 protection forests should be subject to State sanction. If the 

 proprietors are ah-eady very numerous, it is advisable to 

 constitute an association and, if necessary, power should be 

 given to enforce this. 



The State should have authority to undertake the manage- 

 ment of protection forests, if the object in view cannot be 

 realised in any other way. 



If restrictions prove insufficient, or too cumbersome, 

 expropriation may be considered. It has the advantage that 

 it renders awkward compulsory restrictions unnecessary, leads 

 to a reduction of the cost of supervision, and simplifies the 

 question of compensation. 



Expropriation must be provided for by law. Objects of 

 expropriation are property and rights over property which 

 obstruct public objects. 



The cases, in which expropriations are admissible, should 

 be fully detailed in the law. The decision, whether the law 

 is to be put into operation, should ultimately rest with the 

 law courts, though this is by no means the case in all 

 countries. 



If the area to be expropriated forms only part of a property, 

 it may be necessary to take up the whole, when for instance 

 the remainder cannot economically be utilised. 



The compensation should be equal to the value of the 

 property or the right, as the case may be ; in other words, 

 it should at least be equal to the amount which can be 

 obtained by private sale in the open market ; in some cases 

 a certain percentage over and above such value is paid. The 

 compensation consists generally of money. If both parties 

 agree, other property, such as forests or fields, may be given 

 in exchange for the area expropriated. 



