72 FORESTS OF COMMUNES, CORPORATIONS, ETC. 



extraordinary cuttings require previous sanction by the State 

 authorities, while the administration is otherwise left to the 

 communal authorities. 



In some cases, State officials actuall}^ prepare the working 

 plans ; in others, the communal officials do so and then 

 submit them for sanction. As a general rule, these working 

 plans are prepared on the principle of a sustained yield ; this 

 secured, the requirements and wishes of the commune should 

 be fully considered. Anticipations of cuttings, though un- 

 desirable on general grounds, may be sanctioned, provided 

 they are compensated by subsequent savings. 



In some countries, communes may secure proper protection 

 and administration in their own way by engaging the services 

 of competent officials. In others, the State reserves to itself 

 the right of approving or rejecting the proposed officials, or of 

 examining them before approval ; or such persons must pass 

 the examinations laid down for Government forest officers. 



8. Management through Government Officers. 



In various countries the communal forests are managed by 

 Government officers in the same, or a somewhat modified, way 

 as State forests. The system has the advantages that full 

 justice can be done to the objects aimed at, and that the 

 management is likely to be better and frequently also cheaper. 

 Where the forests of a commune are not large enough to 

 occupy a fully competent manager, they are managed together 

 with those of neighbouring communes or with State forests, 

 so as to form one executive charge. 



This method of management has yielded excellent results. 

 It is not in accordance with the principle of self-government 

 on the part of communes, and it may in some cases cause a 

 too minute management of communal forests, where a more 

 simple method of management would suffice. At the same 

 time, in all such cases the communal authorities are expected 

 to co-operate, to express their wishes and to appeal against 

 technical decisions which aj^pear to them objectionable. 



