no SILVER PINE TYPE 



Consequently the margins for profit and stumpage were $3 per 

 M in the case of shingles and $5 for poles and piles. 



Western hemlock is similar to its eastern relative in properties, 

 so that it can be used for the same purposes. There is not, 

 however, as good a market for it. None of it is of sufficiently 

 high quality to be shipped across the continent so that it is all 

 used locally for dimension lumber and rough boarding. For 

 these purposes it commanded an average price of $14 per M 

 f.o.b. the mills in 191 5. Since the logging, milHng and other costs 

 amounted to at least $10 there was only a margin of a few dollars 

 for profit and stumpage. 



Land Values. — As explained above in discussing the typical 

 soil of the type it is commonly a deep, well drained alluvial loam. 

 This is, of course, first rate agriculturally when the slopes are 

 right for cultivation and in this connection it must be remem- 

 bered that erosion is not the determining factor with reference 

 to the slope but suitabihty for irrigation. Ob\dously steep 

 slopes cannot be irrigated successfully without an expensive sys- 

 tem of terraces so that only the level stretches have been sought 

 for tillage. Still another factor has restricted the use of this type 

 for agriculture and that is the cost of clearing the land. With 

 the large number of stumps, frequently over 150 per acre, and 

 the high cost of labor, land can seldom be cleared for tillage for 

 less than $75 per acre. Such a large initial investment demands 

 high returns such as can only be secured by a local market. As 

 a consequence clearing has as a rule been confined to those level 

 pieces of soil which can be cheaply irrigated and which He close 

 enough to a town to insure an eager demand for the hay, vege- 

 tables and fruit raised. In other words, this is not a small 

 grain soil but one where the cost of clearing enforces intensive 

 cultivation. For the same reason grazing is not extensively 

 practised. The natural openings in the woods are few, mainly 

 beaver meadows, and the crown cover is too dense to permit 

 abundant grass or weed growth. Clearing the woods for grazing 

 is, of course, out of the question. 



For growing trees this type has a value of at least $5 per acre. 

 The value per acre for grazing is much less than this, $1 per acre, 



