44 Curb, S7iaffle, and Spur. 



a systematized method is to hasten and perfect 

 this change from an awkward and unwilHng yield- 

 ing to a quick, even, and ready obedience. 



The hand can elevate or depress the forehand 

 of the horse. The heels can bring forward the 

 forces of the croup to their highest powers, or 

 even beyond that point, w^here they w^ill be domi- 

 nated by the raised forces of the forehand. Be- 

 tween hand and heel the rider can place the 

 weights and forces of the extremities where he 

 wishes. For smooth, even, and regular paces he 

 will bring the weights and forces into a point so 

 near that of union and balance that those of the 

 hind quarters will have such predominance as 

 will permit the mass to go forward at the desired 

 rate and pace. A halt will be the result of an 

 equilibrium of the forces of the extremities. A 

 retrograde movement will be where the forehand 

 predominates sufficiently to let the mass move to 

 the rear. In the same way, either extremity may 

 be fixed to a spot, and any movement would be 

 some form of pirouette, or a raising of the other 

 extremity. 



To bring about this union and balance of the 

 forces, the trainer must not only obtain control 



