80 THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 



very unlike the same bone in man. It extends from what 

 is called the point of the shoulder to the elbow, forming an 

 angle with the scapula. At the anterior part of the upper 

 extremity it stretches out into a round head ; having about 

 it a circular indentation for the insertion of the capsular 

 ligament of the joint, which it forms with the apex of the 

 shoulder bone. The most forward part of the extremity is 

 usually termed the point of the shoulder, and over this 

 part there plays a very strong tendon which aids in the 

 motion of the lower limb. This tendon, almost of a carti- 

 laginous hardness, is flattened out, effectually preventing 

 any dislocation of this joint. The body of the humerus 

 presents an external tuberosity, for the insertion of muscles : 

 proceeding downwards, it terminates in two rounded bodies 

 that are termed condyles {Skel.j), which are received into 

 articular cavities in the superior extremity of the radius {Skel. 

 I) , and allow of the limb being bent and straightened. In the 

 front of this extremity is a cavity to receive the protube- 

 rances of the radius, in the greatest flexions of the fore arm; 

 and behind there is a very deep depression for the recep- 

 tion of the bone of the elbow {Skel. k), when it is again ex- 

 tended. 



The fore arm is composed of two bones, the most forward 

 of which is called the radius {Skel. T, T), and the most 

 backward the uhia {Skel. S, S). These are separate in the 

 young subject, but become so intimately united in the old 

 horse, as to be by some, and without any great impropriety, 

 described as one bone. In common parlance, the site of 

 these bones is known by the terms arm and the elbow. The 

 radius is the long cylindrical bone giving the chief support 

 to the body, and having two nearly equal extremities {Skel. 

 I, m). The superior end is flat, and receives into its arti- 

 cular depressions the condyles of the humerus : it presents 

 anteriorly tuberosities for the attachment of muscles, and 

 posteriorly a surface for the ulna. Its body is slightly 

 bent anteriorly {Skel. T), and its inferior extremity (see 

 Skel. m) is furnished with eminences, covered with cartilage, 

 which articulate with the first bones of the knee or carpus 

 {Skel U). 



The knee or carpus {Skel. V) must be the same with the 

 wrist in man. In most of the articulated skeletons there 



