THE NOSE. 191 



bones, and terminates by an opening within the nostril, where 

 it may be easily seen. This duct carries off the superfluous 

 saline fluid, secreted by the lachrymal gland ; but being 

 lined with the pituitary membrane, in glanders it often be- 

 comes obstructed ; by which the lachrymal fluid is forced 

 over the face ; and, as the ulceration proceeds, purulent 

 matter at length flows out at the puncta lachrymalia. In 

 inflammations of the eye, the puncta likewise becomes so 

 inflamed as to be impervious for a time ; hence a horse in 

 this aftection is commonly observed weeping. 



The common integuments are spread over the upper lip, 

 but without its usual accompaniment, viz. adipose mem- 

 brane ; it is likewise furnished with fine hair to the edges of 

 the nostrils. The integument also is turned for a slight 

 distance up the nostril ; being, where it exists, distinctly 

 marked by its colour, which is very different from that of 

 mucous membrane. By an inflection of the integument, a 

 well known pouch is formed upon the external side of each 

 nasal cavity, called the false nostril. The purpose of these 

 blind pouches, called false nostrils, is to allow the true nostril 

 to contract or enlarge, without disfiguring the face ; thus 

 serving to guard that beauty of form which, throughout crea- 

 tion, nature so jealously protects. The openings of the nos- 

 trils are guarded by cartilages on each side ; two being a conti- 

 nuation of the inferior turbinated bones {PlateYll. 6) , besides 

 central ones are attached to the peaks of the nasal bones. 

 These cartilages are directly acted upon by the dilatator 

 narium ; the dilatator nari lateralis ; the dilatator nari infe- 

 rior ; and the contractor nari, which last is a triangular 

 bundle of fibre, first pointed out by Dr. Knox of Edinburgh, 

 arising from the inside of the intermaxillary bone. Beside 

 the muscles just named, the nose is further influenced by 

 fibres sent from the levator anglioris, and the retractor labii 

 superioris. The muscles of the nose usually act synchro- 

 nously ; and are in a great degree of an involuntary character. 

 The dilatator narium, by its power over the nasal cartilages 

 being attached to each, approximates the nostrils, and 

 elevates the superior borders of both. The inferior dilatator 

 enlarges the opening by contracting inferiorly ; the opening 

 at the same time being forced laterally, by the retractor 

 labii superioris, and centrally by the contractor nari. Thus, 



