230 THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS BY MEANS OF STEMS 



given to certain surface-rooting dwarf varieties of Apples. By 

 grafting Pears on Pear stocks raised from seed or by grafting 

 Apples on stocks raised from the seed of the Crab Apple, larger 

 and longer-lived trees, which do not fruit so soon, are secured. It 



is claimed that in some cases 

 the quality of the fruit is 

 changed, having more sugar 

 or more acid according to the 

 nature of the stock. One of 

 the most interesting and for a 

 long time a very puzzling re- 

 sult of grafting is the chimera, 

 which arises when a bud de- 

 velops from the wound callus 

 in such a way that the tissues 

 of both cion and stock grow 

 out together to form the 

 branch. The tissues of the 

 members may grow out side 

 by side, in which case each 

 member forms a side of the 

 branch, or the tissues of the 

 members may be so related 

 to each other that one mem- 

 ber forms the core and the 

 other the covering of the 

 branch. In either case both members may be represented in the 

 leaves, flowers, and fruit of the branch and be the cause of very 

 peculiar combinations of characters. For example, in Apples one 

 side of the fruit may be of one variety and the other side of an- 

 other variety. In grafting together Tomatoes and the Black 

 Nightshade, the latter of which has small ])lack fruits, chimeras 

 in which one member formed the core and the other the covering 

 of the branch have been obtained. As a result very queer fruits 

 have been produced. Some resembled tomatoes in size but had 

 the black skin of the Nightshade berry, while others were similar 

 in size to the small berry of the Nightshade but had the yellow 

 or red skin of the Tomato. Also in the character of the leaves 

 and flowers, these chimeras presented queer combinations. By 

 a study of chimeras produced experimentally, as those of the 



Fig. 211. — Hardwood cuttings. 

 a, simple cutting; h, heal cutting; 

 c, mallet cutting; d, single-eye cutting. 

 After L. C. Corbett. 



