156 



FRUITS 



the axils of the scales of the young cone, and they have 

 neither style nor stigma. The pollen falls directly on the 

 month of the ovule. The ovule ripens into a seed (Fig 

 270) which is usually winged. Because the 

 ovule is not borne in a sac or ovary, these 

 plants are called gymnosperms 

 (Greek for "naked seeds"). 

 All the true cone-bearing plants 

 '/C-fVc^ "• are of this class; also certain 

 "," -'''i. other plants as red cedar, juni- 

 -'!-' ^;i^ per, yew. The plants are monoe- 

 -*"": cious or sometimes dioecious. 

 \^ rs^^ The staminate flowers are mere 

 ; v^-" naked stamens borne beneath 

 1^ scales, in small yellow catkins 



soon fall. The pistillate 

 are naked ovules beneath 

 on cones which persist 

 271, 272). 



71. Pistillate cone 

 of Norway spruce. 

 This tree is one of 

 the commonest of 

 planted ever- 

 greens. 



scales, 



which 



flowers 



scales 



(Figs. 



Pistillate 



cone of white 

 pine. 



Review. — What is a fruit, as understood by the botanist ? What 

 is a loeule ? What are simple, compound, and accessory or reinforced 

 fruits ? Define pericarp. Pod. What are dehiscent and indehiscent 

 fruits? What is a samara or key-truit ? Define akene. Follicle. 

 Legume. Capsule. Explain septicidal and loculieidal dehiscence. 

 Apical dehiscence. Basal deniscenee. What is a pyxis? Silique ? 

 Silicle ? Berry? Drupe? Drupelet? Explain an aggregate fruit. 

 Explain the fruit of strawberry, rose, apple, squash. What is the 

 fruit of pines and spruces? 



Note. — Fully mature fruits are best for study, particularly if it is 

 desired to see dehiscence. For comparison, pistils and partially 

 grown fruits should be had at the same time. If the fruits are not 

 ripe enough to dehisce, they may be placed in the sun to dry. In the 

 school it is well to have a collection of fruits for study. The speci- 

 mens may be kept in glass jars. 



The following diagram will aid the pupil to remember some of 

 the fruits to which particular names have been given. He must be 

 warned, however, that the diagrnin does not express the order of evo- 

 ViUon of the various kinds. He should nlso remember that there are 



