192 STUDIES IN CRYPTOGAMS 



two rows of large spore-cases or sporangia sunk in the tissue. At 

 maturity the sporangia open by transverse slits and discharge the 

 inclosed spores. 



When the spores germinate they produce subterranean tuberous 

 prothallia which, however, are rarely found, and of whose history 

 little is known. They develop archegonia and antheridia beneath the 

 surface of the ground, and the fertilized egg produces the young fern 

 plant. 



The generations of the true ferns are explained in Chapter XXIV. 



EQUISETUMS, OR HORSETAILS 



There are about twenty-five species of equisetum, constituting 

 the only genus of the unique family Equisetacese. Among these E. 

 arvense is common on clayey and sandy soils. 



In this species the work of nutrition and that of spore-production 

 are performed by separate shoots from an underground rhizome. The 

 fertile branches appear early in spring. The stem, which is 3 to G 

 inches high, consists of a number of cylindrical, furrowed internodes 

 each sheathed at the base by a circle of scale-leaves. The shoots are 

 of a pale yellow color. They contain no chlorophyll, and are nour- 

 ished by the food stored in the rhizome (Fig. 342). 



The spores are formed on specially developed fertile leaves or 

 sporophylls which are collected into a spike or cone at the end of the 

 stalk (Fig. 342, a). A single sporophyll is shown at i. It consists 

 of a short stalk expanded into a broad, mushroom-like head. Several 

 large sporangia are borne on its under side. 



The spores formed in the sporangia are very interesting and beau- 

 tiful objects when examined under the microscope (X about 200). 

 They are spherical, green bodies each surrounded by two spiral bands 

 attached to the spore at their intersection, s. These bands exhibit 

 hygroscopic movements by means of which the spores become entan- 

 gled, and are held together. This is of advantage to the plant, as we 

 shall see. 



All the spores are alike, but some of the prothallia are better 

 nourished and grow to a greater size than the otheis. The large pro- 

 thallia produce only archegonia while the smaller ones produce 

 antheridia. Both of these organs are much like those of the ferns, 

 and fertilization is accomplished in the same way. Since the pro- 

 thallia are usually dioecious the special advantage of the spiral bands 

 holding the spores together so that both kinds of prothallia may be in 



