398 THE KINDS OF PLANTS 



aa. Flowers lanjer on (he margin of the cyme. 



v. Opulus, Linn. Uigh-bush cranberry. Erect, 10 ft. or less: leaves 3- 

 lobed and toothed: outer flowers sterile and large: fruit an acid red edible 

 drupe. Swamps. In cultivation all the flowers have become sterile, result- 

 ing in the "snowball." Compare Figs. 23G, 237. 



V. tomentdsum, Thunb. ( V. plicafum of gardens). Japanese snoxvbaU. 

 Leaves not lobed, shallow-toothed, thickish, plicate: heads of sterile flowers 

 axillary, globular. Japan. 



V. lantanoides, Michx. Uohbhbush. About 5 ft., with straggling 

 branches, often arching to ground and rooting, thus making loops or 

 "liobbles": flowers resemble those of wild hj-drangea, in flat topped-eymes, 

 with marginal flowers larger, sterile and showy, white: leaves very large, 

 rounder heart-shaped, finely serrate, petioles and veinlets scurfy: drupes 

 coral-red, becoming purple, not edible. Cold woods and swamps. 



4. SAMBtJCUS. Elder. 



Strong shrubs, with pinnate leaves and sharp-serrate leaflets: flowers in 

 dense corymbose cymes: calyx- teeth very small or none: corolla shallow, 

 open: stamens 5: stigmas 3: pith prominent in the stems. Common. 



S. racemdsa, Linn. Jfed elder. Pith and berries red- flowers in spring 

 in pyramidal clusters: leaflets lanceolate, downy beneatn. 



S. Canad^nsiB, Linn. Common elder. White elder. Pith white: berries 

 black-purple, in late summer, edible: flower-clusters convex or nearly flat, 

 in summer: leaflets oblong, smooth. 



XLIX. CAMPANULACE^. Bell-flower Family. 



Herbs (with us): leaves alternate, simple, without stipules: flow- 

 ers regular and perfect, mostly bell-shaped corollas, 5-lobed or 5- 

 angled: calyx 5-lobed: stamens 5, distinct: ovary 2-5-celled: style 1: 

 stigmas 2 to 5: fruit a capsule. Some 1,200 or more species. 



A. Corolla (of the conspicuous flowers) wheel-shape: early 



flowers not opening (cleistogamous) 1. Specularia 



AA. Corolla bell-form: flowers all alike 2. Campanula 



\. SPECULARIA. 



Animal herbs, with erect, angled stems, simple or branching: leaves 

 entire or toothed: flowers sessile or nearly so, axillary, solitary or clustered, 

 the early ones cleistogamous and small, the later expanding, light blue, 

 51obed, wheel-shaped corolla: stamens with flattened hairy filaments, 

 shorter than the anthers. 



S. perfoli&ta, DC. Stems erect, simple or branched, 10 in. to 3 ft, tall, 

 leafy, the leaves rounded heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with clasping bases: 

 flowers solitary, 2 or 3 together in leaf axils. More or less weedy. 



