TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PART I 

 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 



PAGE 



CHAPTER I. THE MICROSCOPE IN MODERN PHARMACY 1 



CHAPTER II. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ON THE EXAMINATION OF VEGETABLE 



POWDERS 10 



1. Description of Colors and Color Standards 10 



2. Tactile Sensations 11 



3. Odor and Odor Standards 12 



4. Taste and Standards of Taste 20 



CHAPTER III. THE QUALITY AND PURITY OF VEGETABLE DRUGS FROM THE 



STANDPOINT OF THE PURE DRUGS ACT 27 



1. The Pure Drug Laws 27 



2. U. S. P. Standards and Definitions of Standards 40 



CHAPTER IV. CAUSES MODIFYING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE 



POWDERS 45 



1. Normal Variations 45 



2. Parasites 46 



CHAPTER V. POWDERING VEGETABLE DRUGS 53 



CHAPTER VI. ADULTERATION OR SOPHISTICATION OF VEGETABLE DRUGS . 60 



1. Adulteration as to Intent 61 



(a) Unintentional or Accidental Adulteration 61 



(b) Intentional or Criminal Adulteration 62 



2. Manner of Adulteration 63 



3. Substances Employed in Adulteration 64 



4. The Detection of Adulterations 69 



CHAPTER VII. THE MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF POWDERED VEGETABLE 



DRUGS 70 



1. Equipment and Methods 70 



2. Tissue Terminology and Identification of Tissues 78 



3. Occurrence and Distribution of Tissue Elements in Plant Organs ... 83 



(a) Leaves 83 



(b) Flowers "... 86 



(c) Fruits and Seeds 87 



(d) Barks 89 



(e) Roots and Rhizomes 90 



(/) Stems - 92 



(0) Woods 93 



(h) Other Plant Parts 93 



4. Tabulation of Tissues and Tissue Elements 93 



5. Illustrations, with Descriptions, of Plant Tissues 101 



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