108 POWDERED VEGETABLE DRUGS 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV 



FIG. 20. Cassia Buds and Cassia Stems. 1. Sclerenchymatous fibers of the 

 cassia stems. 2. Bast fibers of cassia stems. ParenchyroatQUs cells of the buds. 4. 

 Trichomes of bii'ds. 5. Thick-walled parenchyma cells. Cassia buds and cassia 

 stems are frequently used in adulterating cloves, allspice and cinnamon. 



FIG. 21. Coffee Adulterants. 1. Sclerenchyma cells of date pits. 2. Scleren- 

 chyma cells of the walnut shell. 3, 4, 5. Tracheids and inulin-bearing parenchyma 

 cells of chicory. Figs and prunes are also much used as coffee adulterants, also cereals, 

 fleshy roots, acorns, etc. 



FIG. 22. Wheat Tissues. 1. Wheat starch. 2. Trichomes from the bran. 

 3. Starch-bearing parenchyma. 4. Epicarp cells. 5. Proteid-bearing cells from 

 middlings. Rye histology is similar to that of wheat. Wheat flour is used in macaroni, 

 spaghetti, noodles, etc. Wheat flour, bran and middlings are much used for adulter- 

 ating purposes. Rye starch differs from that of wheat in the larger size of the granules 

 and the greater prominence of the hili. 



FIG. 23. Rice Tissues. 1. Starch. Single granules and aggregates. These 

 aggregates are characteristic of rice and of oats. 2. Starch-bearing endosperm cells. 

 3, 4, 5. Epicarp and pericarp cells. In form the starch granules of rice, oat, corn, dar- 

 nel, millet, fox-tail, buckwheat and chess resemble each other. The size varies very 

 much. 



