SHADE BEARING WITH LIGHT DEMANDING SPECIES. 83 



it thoroughly in respect of moisture and depth. In such 

 locahties the mixture may be arranged by single trees. In 

 the majority of cases, however, the oak is left behind by the 

 beech, and then the former, in single trees, is lost ; hence the 

 mixture must be arranged by groups, or all threatening 

 beeches cut back or removed ; or the oak is given a start, the 

 beech being brought in when the oak commences to thin out, 

 that is to say, between the 80th and 50th year, according to 

 circumstances. 



Oak and hoDihi'um. — This mixture may be desirable in 

 localities which do not suit the beech, as for instance in frost 

 localities, or moist deep sandy soils of the low lands. The 

 oak grows quickly enough to hold its own against horn- 

 beam. In this mixture the hornbeam is frequently treated as 

 coppice. 



(4.) Nortcay maple and sycamore in mixtare wWi more sliade 

 hearing species. — Such mixtures require a fresh, deep and fertile 

 soil. During early youth both maple and sycamore grow more 

 quickly than spruce, silver fir, and beech, but later on they are 

 passed by the shade bearing species. Hence, it is necessary 

 to place the maple and sycamore in groups, or to give them 

 a start in age; by far the best mixture is that with beech. 



(5.) Aslt in mixture witlt sJuide bearim/ species. — The best 

 mixture is ash and beech ; not so good is that of ash and 

 silver fir, and still less that of ash and spruce. 



Ash, like the maples, grows first more quickly than 

 beech, but is generally passed by the latter later on, hence 

 it should be placed in groups in the moister parts of the 

 locality. Where ash occurs pure, it should be underplanted 

 with beech or hornbeam long before its height growth has 

 been completed. 



(6.) Kim in mixture with sliade hearing species. — Elm does 

 best in mixture with beech, or perhaps hornbeam. The 

 mixture of elm with spruce and silver fir is less desirable. 

 Elm requires a locality with sufficient warmth, or else it will 

 not develop into a large-sized tree ; it also requires a deep 



