118 I'HKIJMINAltY WORKS. 



resiill.s. Sliadf Itearinj^ .species are not cle.siral)le as standards 

 in coppice with standards, A selection of species must be 

 made accordindv. 



3. K.rposiirr of ill)' Sjircirn to l)(iin(«ir h// K.ttcnial ('(Iiihch. 



The selection of species to be planted is further narrowed 

 by the degree to which they are exposed to injury by external 

 causes, as fire, frost, drought, cold winds, strong gales, insects 

 and fungi. Conifers, for instance, are more exposed to damage 

 by fire than broad leaved species ; larch and silver fir suffer 

 much from canker ; spruce is liable to be thrown by wind ; 

 beech and silver fir are frost tender, while Scotch pine and 

 birch are frost hardy ; Scotch pine and spruce are more 

 subject to damage by insects than any other European 

 species, etc. All these matters influence the clioice of s^^ecies 

 under a given set of conditions. 



4. Sliildhililil of the Species Jor fJie Loeal'ttjl. 



From the point of view of Political Economy the improve- 

 ment, or at any rate the maintenance, of the j-ield capacity of 

 the land is the most important consideration. AVhether the 

 owner of a forest be the State or a private jierson. he will find 

 a system of management recognising that principle to l)e the 

 most profitable in tlie long lun. Hence it must be the 

 forester's endeavour to grow species whicli not only suit the 

 locality, but also tend to improve it. 



In the first place the qualitij of the locality must be carefully 

 ascertained, so as to avoid growing a species whicli has no 

 chance of thriving on it. This task is by no means an easy 

 one, because the efiects of some of the factors of the locality 

 on tree growth are as yet imperfectly understood. The 

 climatic factors are of special importance; hence the efiects of 

 the geographical position, altitude, aspect, gradient, cojitour 

 ami surroundings of the locality upon the temperature, degree 



