FENCING. 



123 



privet, barberry, hornbeam, birch, elder, spruce and silver fir. 

 For sylvicultural purposes hawthorn, beech, hornbeam and 

 spruce are perhaps most to be recommended. Several years 

 will elapse, however, before they can efficiently protect an area 

 against cattle or game ; hence they must either be planted 

 beforehand, or augmented by a temporary fence of some other 

 kind. 



Fig. 5 represents a cross-section of a wedge-shaped thorn 

 hedge (after Brown). 



Fig. 6 shows a longitudinal section of a thorn hedge (after 

 Heyer) ; each plant has been coppiced near the ground ; of 

 the shoots which appeared, two were left on each stool, 

 trained to opposite sides and interlaced. Such a hedge can 

 be made to keep out hares and rabbits. 



Living hedges are, in forestry, only used for nurseries or 

 along roads leading to pastures. 



2. WaU.^. 



These may be dry stone walls, or they may be constructed 

 with mortar. The former are liable to fall, and the latter 

 are very expensive. "Walls generally interfere with the free 

 circulation of air ; in some cases this may be desirable for 

 the purpose of protecting tender plants against cold air 

 currents. 



