222 ARTIFICIAL FORMATION OF WOODS. 



from the mother tree and represent independent plants ready 

 to be put out. The formation of roots may be expedited l)y 

 removing some of the ])ark of the layer below ^M-ound on the 

 side of the parent tree. 



Where large numbers of layers are required, the most suit- 

 able plan is to produce stools wliich send out numerous shoots. 

 Each of these shoots is then bent back and fastened into tlie 

 ground, where it remains until rooted (Fig. 74). In England 

 lime and elm are generally propagated in this manner. 



3. Siirhrrs. 



The root from which the sucker has sprung is cut through, 

 clean and slanting, on both sides of the base of the sucker, the 

 latter lifted out of the ground and put out into the forest. 

 The method is rarely used, as disease is likely to be introduced 

 through the cut ends of the root. 



In some cases pieces of roots are planted out, which produce 

 roots and shoots. 



Note. — Grafting and Budding, being outside practical sylvi- 

 culture, will not be dealt with in this volume. 



