REGENERATION BY SHOOTS AND SUCKERS. 353 



the bark from the wood of the stool, or that the stools are 

 killed outright. Again, stools which were cut over in autumn 

 send out shoots somewhat earlier in spring, and thus render 

 them more lial)le to be injured by late frosts. 



Where the principal object is to obtain bark for tanning, 

 the cutting must be done during the full flow of the sap, that 

 is to say, in temperate Europe, in May and the beginning of 

 June. 



/. Standanh. 



The reproduction is most complete if the wood is clear cut ; 

 the more standards are left, the less favourable will be the 

 crop of shoots and suckers. 



2. Rcproduct'uDi hy Stem Slioot!^, or PoJJardiiui. 



Pollarding consists in the removal of the crown of a tree, 

 either leaving the main stem intact or cutting it off at a 

 certain height from the ground ; in tlie latter case the system 

 is frequently called topping. The branches may be cut off 

 close to the main stem, or at a short distance from it, the 

 latter method being preferable. New shoots spring from the 

 cuts, and these are again cut after one, two, or more years, 

 according to the desired size of the produce. 



What has been said above regarding species, health of the 

 mother trees, and manner and season of cutting, holds mostly 

 good also as regards pollarding. The system is chiefly 

 employed in the case of willows and poplars ; the former 

 yield materials for basket work, fascines, hurdles, etc., and 

 the latter firewood and small sticks for domestic use. 



