846 NOTES OX BRITISH FOREST TREES. 



of whole shoots, of which only about one foot of the lower end 

 is inserted into the s^'onnd ; the}' are planted immediately 

 iiflei- (•uttin<^'. 



Ill Sir Is 1)1/11 n'ai/fi lu Williiirs i/niny/lh/. 



Willows generally are injured l)y numerous insects, which 

 are common to most species. The wood, chiefly of Salir allxt, 

 is much attacked by Aromia moschata, Lamia tc.rtor, and other 

 Longicorn beetles, and by the ,c;oat-moth, Cossiis. The leaves 

 are attacked by various liombi/ces, as lAparis saliris and 

 Pil<l(t'V(i }>iict'])liaht ; by sawfly larv?e, and by plant-beetles, 

 esi)ecially the species of PIn-afora and Galcnica. These are 

 very injurious to Salix riiitiii(ili>!, as are the leaf binding larvae 

 of Earias rliJomna. The twigs are injured by Sesi'uhc and by 

 gall-gnats (Cccidoiin/'uhf). A weevil, Cri/ptorrJii/iicJiiis lapatJii, 

 destroys the bark and shoots, especially of S. riiuinalis. 



Of finifii, several species of Melampaora produce a rust 

 which causes the leaves to die. Poli/ponis xiilpJnircns \n-o- 

 duces red rot in the wood. 



11. Vovh\R—P()})i(h(^ (Tournef.). 



The following three species must be mentioned : — 

 («.) Aspen = PopiiJiis tremida, L. 

 {!).) White poplar, or abele = Popnlits alha, h. 

 (c.) Black poplar = Popidiis )ii;ira, L. 



f/. Aspeji. 

 i. Utimty. 



The aspen yields a soft light timber, of small durability in 

 the open ; average specific gravity = '51 ; heating power small. 



It is used sometimes under cover for buildings, for packing 

 and cigar cases, rough cooperage, inner work of carriages, 

 manufacture of matches, and of paper. The charcoal is used 

 in the manufacture of gunpowder. The bark is used in 

 taiining and dyeing (for the latter purpose also the leaves). 



