PRIMITIVE BUDDHISM. 243 



(2) The Council of Vaisali held about 350 B.C. under Yashada. 



(3) The Council of Pataliputra (Patna) held about 250 B.C. 



under Asoka's orders, with Mogaliputra as presi- 

 dent. 



(4) The Council of Jalandhara held in the 1st century A.D. 



under the auspices of King Kanishka of Kashmir and 

 the Panjab. 



The second Council dealt only with discipline. The third Council 



defined the Buddhist canon as now current in 



The great schisms. Qeylon and Burma and Siam. The fom-th developed 



exorcism, and from it arose the Dliurani formulae for schism of the 



" Northern " and " Southern " schools. 



The Southern school is the more primitive and purer form; it 



includes the Burmese, Ceylonese, and Siamese 



e on em sc oo . ^^^.j^^g ^f Buddhism. Its sacred language is Pali. 



The Northern school comprises the forms of Buddhism current 



in Kashmir, Mongolia, China, Manchuria, Japan, 



e o em c . j;[-gpj^j^ Tibet, Bhutan, and Sikhim. Its sacred 



language is Sanskrit. 



The schism was brought about by the Mahayana doctrine, a 

 theistic and metaphysical form of Buddhism intro- 

 duced by a monk named Asvagosha and specially 

 advocated by Nagarjuna, whose name is most intimately identified 

 with it. Its chief work is the Prajna paramita (Tib. Sher-chin) which 

 recognises several grades of theoretical Buddhas 

 and of numerous divine Bodhisatwas, or beings 

 who have arrived at perfect wisdom (Bodhi), yet consent to remain a 

 creature {satioa) for the good of men, and who must therefore be 

 worshipped, and to whom prayers must be addressed. 



Mytliohgij and mysticism followed necessarily from the growth 



of the Mahayana school, and its extension amongst 



^^ Addition of mytho- ^^^^^ q£ ^^^-^^ worshippers. Like Hinduism, it 



admitted within the pale the gods and demons of 

 the new nations it sought to convert. Mysticism reached its fullest 

 . . expression in the Tantrik doctrines (a mixture of 



ys cism. Siva-worship and magic) which spread throughout 



India about the 6th and 7th century of our era, affecting alike 

 Buddhism and Hinduism. Arya Asanga, a Buddhist monk of Peshawar, 

 who lived about 300 A.D., is supposed to have introduced Tantricism 

 into Buddhism. 



The Tantriks teach yogism and incantations addressed mostly to 



„ . . female energies, by which men may arain miraculous 



powers which may be used tor purely selfish and 



