ORIGIN OF LAMAISM. 245 



year 747 A.D. "With the dorje (Sansk. Vajra) or thunderbolt and 



spells from the Mahayana he vanquished and converted the devils, built 



the monastery 749 A.D., and established the first community of lamas. 



Lamaism may be defined as a mixture of Buddhism with a 



preponderating amount of mythology, mysticism, 



"Lamaism" defined. ^^^ magic : the doctrine of 'incarnate lamas and 



the worship of canonized saints, now such prominent features of 



Lamaism, are of recent origin. It was readily accepted as it protected 



the people from devils. 



Lamaic Sects. 



The Lamaic sects (Plate I) date from the visit to Tibet of the Indian 

 Buddhist monk Atisha (1038—1052 A.D.), who 

 ref^rmCTof LamfiTm' preached celibacy and moral abstinence, and depre- 

 cated the practice of the magic arts. 

 The reformed sect was called the Eah-dam-pa,^ or "those bound 

 iaw a ^y *^^ orders," and three and-a-half centuries later, 

 sect. ^ " " '^^^'^ ill Tsongkhapa's hands, it became less ascetic and 

 more ritualistic under the title of Ge-luk-pa, now 

 ■pa. ^j^^ dominant sect in Tibet. 

 The unreformed, or The unreformed residue were called the Nying- 



Hying-ma-pa. ma-pa OX " the old sect." 



The Ge-luk-pa sect. 



Tsongkhapa* gathered together the scattered members of the Kadam- 

 Ge-lulc-pa sect: its pa and housed them in monasteries, under rigorous 

 peculiarities. Tsong- discipline. He made them carry a begging-bowl 

 ^■^^P*- and wear a garment of a yellow colour after the 



fashion of Indian Buddhists. And he instituted a ritualistic service, 

 in part, apparently, perhaps borrowed from the Nestorian Christian 

 missionaries, who were settled at that time in Western China. The 

 tutelary deities are Dorje-hjig-Jyed, iDe-mchhog and /jfSang-wa- 

 /<duspa ; and the guardian demons are "?HGonpo phyag-truk," or the 

 six-armed protector, and Tam-chhen Chhos-gyal. 



The Kargyupa sect. 



The Kargyupa sect was founded in the latter half of the eleventh 



century A.D. by Lama Marpa, who had visited 



Kargyupa s^ci. ^^^^^ ^^^ obtained special instruction from the 



Indian pandit Atisha and Atislia's teacher Naropa. 



' 6kah-dam-pa. 

 ' Tsongkhdpa means " Of TsonRkliii or the Onion Country," the district of his birth in 

 Western China near the eastern confines of Tibet. His proper name is JLo-izang-tak-pa ; 

 but he is best known to Europeann by his territorial title. 



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