BUILDING AND VESTIBULE. 261 



II. — Especially vicious demons of a more or less local character. 

 Thus, at Pemioiigchi is the Gyalpo Shuk-den with a brown 

 face and seated on a white elephant. He was formerly 

 the learned lama Panchhen Sod-nams graks-pa, who being 

 falsely charged with licentious living and deposed, his 

 spirit on his death took this actively malignant form and 

 wreaks his wrath on all who do not worship him — inflict- 

 ing disease and accident. 



III. — A pair of hideous imps, one on either side, of a red and bluish- 

 black colour, respectively, named Ki-hang or Shemha Mar- 

 nak,^ who butcher their victims. 



IV. — Here also are sometimes portrayed the twelve Tiin-ma, — aerial 

 nymphs peculiar to Tibet, who sow disease and who were 

 among the chief fiends subjugated by " The Guru." 



Confronting the visitor in the vestibule are the four colossal 

 images (frescoes) of the Kings of the Quarters, who 



of'theQuarters.^"'"' g"^^'^^ ^^^ Universe and heavens against the outer 

 demons. They are clad in full armour and of 

 defiant mien. Two are placed on each side of the doorway. Their 

 names are — 



1. Yul-khor srung^ (Skt. Dhrita-rdshtra), the white guardian of 



the east and King of the Gandharvas (Dri-za). 



2. Phag-kye-p6' (Skt. Viru^haka), the yellow guardian of the 



south and King of the Kumbhandas (Grul-bun). 



3. J^-mi-zang' (Skt. Virupaksha), the red guardian of the west 



and King of the Nagas (^-Lu). 



4. Nam-tho-srd' (Skt. Vaisravana), the green guardian of the 



north and King of the Yakshas (_j/Nod-sbyin). 



Sometimes the guardian of the north is given a yellow, and the 

 guardian of the south a green, complexion, according to the later 

 fashion of the gelukpa, thus making the complexion of the guardians 

 to coincide with the mythic colours of the quarters. 



In the smaller temples which possess no detached 31ani Ihakhanef, 



p , , one or nioi'e huge 3fani'^ prayer-barrels are set at 



either end of the vestibule, and mechanically revolved 



by lay-devotees, each revolution being announced by an affixed lever 



striking a bell. As the bells are of different tones and are struck 



alternately, they form at times a not unpleasant chime. 



' ki-kang c^mar uag. | - yul /(klior hsrung. | ^ Aphags «kyes-pa. 



* «pyan mig izaug. | ' mam tlios sra,?. 



' So called on account of their containing the " Om mani " foriuula, vide page 289. 



s 2 



