280 THE TEMPLE, 



are of about 12 inches or more in diameter, with very small 

 centre bosses. They are held vertically when in use, one 

 above the other, and are manipulated gently. The pair of 

 cymbals used in the worship of the inferior deities and demons 

 are called rol-mo, and are of short diameter with very much 

 broader bosses. They are held horizontally iu the hands and 

 forcibly clanged with great clamour. 

 {vii'i) Conch-shell trumpet — tung'^ — used with the sl-nydn cj'mbals. 



{ix) Pair of copper hautboy-fifes— ^j/e-/%.^ 

 {x) Pair of long telescopic copper \\orn?, — ra-dimg? 



{xi) Pair of human thigh-bone trumpets— /^'//'XJ/.y-^wi^.* These are 

 sometimes encased in brass, with a wide copper flanged 

 extremity on which are figured the three eyes and nose of 

 the ogre-demon, the oval open extremity being the demon's 

 mouth. In the preparation of these thigh-bone trumpets 

 the bones of criminals or those who have died by violence 

 are preferred, and an elaborate incantation is done, part of 

 which consists in the lama eating a portion of the skin of the 

 bone, otherwise its blast would not be sufficiently powerful 

 to summon the demons. 



{xii) Pair of tiger thigh-bone trumpets — ta-dungJ' These are not 

 always present, and the last three instruments are only for 

 the worship of the inferior gods and demons. 



{xiii) Drums — 



(«) A small hand-drum or nga-chJmng '^ or damani, like a large 

 double egg-cup. Between its two faces are attached a 

 pair of pendant leather knobs and a long-beaded flap for 

 handle. When the drum is held by the upper part of 

 the cloth handle and jerked alternately to right and left 

 the knobs strike the faces of the drum. It is used 

 daily to mark the pauses between different forms of 

 worship. 



{h) The big drum called chho-nga,'' or religious drum. These are 

 of two kinds, one of which is suspended in a frame and 

 beaten only occasionally and in Buddha's worship. The 

 other is cai'ried in the hand by means of a stem thrust 

 thi'ough its curved border. These are beaten by drum- 

 sticks with straight or curved handles. 



(c) The human skull-drum made of skull-caps and of same style 

 as the smaller drum («) above described. 



' dung. I ' rai7-dung. I ' i-tag-dnng. I ' cbhoa-^-nga. 



^ rgye-gWag \ * rkang-^ling. | * j'Bga-chliiing. | 



