306 THE MONKHOOD. 



Having done this, he may retire again to sleep, if the night be 



not very far advanced. But if the dawn is near, 

 Further devotion. j^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^j^^p^ ^^^ ^j^^^^^ employ the 



interval in several sorts of prayer (smon-lam). 



As soon as day dawns, he must wash his face and rinse his 

 mouth and do the worship above noted, should he not 

 *'™' have already done so; also the following rites: — 



Is^. — Prepare sacred food for the six sorts of beings (Rigs- 

 strug-gi-'/torma) and send it to Ngo-wo-yidag — The 

 OffenBgs. Tantalized Ghosts. _ 



2nd. — Offer incense, butter-incense, and wine-oblation (^'ser- 

 skyem). The incense is offered to the good spirits — 

 firstly, to the chief god and the lama ; secondly, to the 

 class of "king" gods; and thirdly, to the mountain god 

 Kang-chhen dsonga(^??y. Kanchinjingna). Then offer- 

 ings are made to the spirits of caves (who guarded and 

 still guard the hidden revelations therein deposited), the 

 rfgra-lha or "gods of Battle," the Yul-lha or country gods, 

 the ^zi-Z>dag or local gods, and the sde-brgyad, "the eight 

 classes of deities." ^ The butter-incense is only given to 

 the most malignant class of the demons and evil spirits. 



Some breakfast is now taken, consisting of thugpa or weak soup, 

 followed by tea with parched grain. Any especial 

 Morning's occupa- .^^q^.j^ ^Vxc^i has to be done will now be attended 



to, failing which some c?ge-sbyor or other service 

 will be chanted. And if any temple or chaitya (chhorten) be at hand, 

 these will be circumambulated with " prayer- wheel " revolving in hand 

 and chanting mantras. Then is done any priestly service required by 

 the villagers. 



About two o'clock in the afternoon a meal of rice is taken, follow- 

 ed by beer by those who take it, or by tea for non-beer drinkers. 



About six o'clock p.m. is done the ^tor-isugos service, in which, 

 . . after assuming his tutelary deity, he chants the 



vening service. gngon-gro and the skyab-gro.^ Then is done a 

 chhoga (a form of celebration-worship) with bell and small drum in 

 hands, followed by an invocation to all the host of Lamas, yidams and 

 Chhos-skyoDg [Defensores Fidei), on the assembly of all of whom there 

 is done the worship of the magic-circle of a tutelary deity [Yidam). 



At 9 or 10 P.M. he retires to sleep. 



In Monastic Residence. 



In monastic residence the worship is conducted with much more 

 Monastery routine, ceremony, esjjecially on feast days. 



' For list of these, vide Chapter VI, page 356. | ' Vide page 305. 



