356 DEMONOLATRY. 



red devil (tsau) or a Naga (Hu), or some other form as detailed 

 below.^ 



The sM-dak demons of the monasteries and temples are always fsen 



(tsan) or red demons, who usually are the spirits of 



oca go s. deceased novices or ill-natured lamas. And they 



The red demons. are especially worshipped with bloody sacrifice and 



red coloured substances :— 



" Rowan tree and red threld. 

 Gars the witches tyne their speid." 



The Pemiongchi tsen is named Da-tva senge (zla-ba sengze) or "the 

 Moon Lion." The Yangong Gompa tsen is named Lha tsen-pa or "the 

 Tsdn god." The Darjeeling ^5e« is named Chho-Ieg nam-gyal or "the 

 Victorious good religion." The shrine of this latter is on Observatory 

 Hill, and it is worshipped under the name of Mahakala by the 

 professing Hindu hillmen with the same bloody rites as the Bhotiyas 

 and Lepchas. For the worship of each of the Monastery or Temple 

 tsens there exist special manuals of ritual. 



It is to the zhi-dak that travellers offer a rag torn from their clothes 

 and tied to a stick on gaining the summit of a hill or 



of ^M^ esl^d" llTeT^ P^^^' ^^^^^ planting this offering on the cairn, 

 which is called '■'■lap-cJie,^^ the traveller in a meek 

 voice calls the demon by uttering the mystic " kl-ki ! kl-ki .'," then he 

 adds '■'■so-so! so-su P^ which means presentation or " offering."" Then 

 he exclaims in a loud triumphant strain ^' Lhd-gyal-o ! Lha-gyal-o .'" 

 " God has won ! God has won ! " 



Exorcising of devils in cases of sickness and misfortune is done 

 . by the regular devil-dancers — " Pa-wo"and "Ny^n- 



Necromaney"^ *° jorma," and oracular deliverances are most exten- 

 sively made by the professional Iha-pa, of whom 



' If a man's sins are insufEcient to procure rebirth even in the hells, he is reborn as a 

 zhi-dak — say the Sikhim Lamas. The zhi-dak may be one or other of the eight classes, viz.— 



(1) " lha " or " spirits " (all male) of a white colour and a fairly good disposition ; 

 but they must suffer many indignities in order to procure a higher rebirth. 



(2) " k\u,'' orNagas, mostly green in colour and frequenting lakes or springs. 



(3) ^fnad-ibyan, or " disease-givers," are also red in colour. 



(4) Jdud (or black devils). All are male and are extremely wicked. They are the 

 spirits of those who opposed in life the true religion. They eat flesh and are 

 not to be appeased without a pig —the most luscious morsel to a hillman's palate. 

 Their wives are called idud-mo. 



(5) " tsan," or red demons (all male). They are usually the spirits of deceased novices, 



and are therefore especially associated with Gompas. 



(6) " rgyal-po," or " Victors," are white in colour, and are spirits of kings and 

 deceased lamas who fail to reach Nirvana. 



(7) " ma-mo " are all female, and black in colour. It includes Mah-sor rgyal ma, 

 called also Mahdrdni, QT " the Great Queen," the disease- producing form of 

 the Hindu Durga. 



(8) " gzah " or " planets "— Eahula, &c. 



' This esclamation gaol-gaol may also mean " worship " or " entreaty." 



