FORMS OF PRODUCTS 11 



tree is required, as expressed in diameters at different points on the 

 stem. Investigations of tree form are therefore at the root of all per- 

 manent progress in Mensuration (Chapter XVI). 



18. Forms of Products into which the Contents of Trees are Converted. The 

 products manufactured from trees may be classed according to the following group- 

 ing: 



Group I. Manufactured products of definite form, retaining the wood structure 

 and requiring waste in manufacture. 



A. Manufactured from logs. 



1. Lumber 



a. For construction. 



r. Structural timbers. 



2'. Dimension. 



3'. Boards. 



4'. Remanufactured or planing mill products. 



5'. Special products. 



6'. For export. 

 h. For remanufacture. Square edge or round edge. 



1.' For mill work, furniture, fixtures. 



2/ For utensils and supplies. 



3.' Boxes and containers. 



2. Veneers. 



3. Manufactured direct from log for finished articles. 



B. Manufactured from bolts. 



Billets, flitches, squares, blocks, shingles, spokes, staves, etc. 



C. Manufactured from mill refuse, i.e., from slabs, trimmings and 



edgings. Shingles, lath, boxboards, etc. 

 Group II. Bulk products in which the form or both form and structure are 

 destroyed. 



1. Excelsior. 



2. Wood pulp. 



a. Mechanical. 

 h. Chemical. 



3. Distillates. 



4. Ex-tracts. 



5. Fuel. 



a. Charcoal, 

 h. Fuel wood. 



6. Bark. 



Group in. Piece products retaining in whole or in part the original form. 



1. Round products, 

 Poles, piling, posts, etc. 



2. Shaped products, 

 Hewn cross ties. 



r. Standard ties. 

 2'. Mine ties. 



Group I. In converting round logs into lumber, there is unavoidable waste in 

 sawing due to the difference in shape between the products desired and the log, 

 and to the saw kerf. The per cent of waste depends upon the dimensions of the 



