12 



SYSTEMS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 



smallest board which is merchantable, and upon the thickness of saw used. Further 

 intensive utilization of slabs (pieces slabbed off from the round surface of logs in 

 sawing) and of edgings (pieces cut from the edges of boards to give parallel edges 

 and remove bark), by manufacture into sawed products depends upon finding a 

 market for pieces whose size is small enough to permit of their manufacture from 

 these otherwise waste products. 



The waste in manufacturing articles direct from the log depends on the shape 

 of the manufactured article with reference to the bolts from which it is made. Unless 

 profitable use can be found for the portions so wasted, or unless antiquated methods 

 and machinery are in use, the portions of a tree or log lost in manufacture cannot 

 be regarded as wasted, any more than the loss in bulk of a rough block of stone in 

 process of transformation under a sculptor's hand is considered waste. It is for 

 this group that log rules are required. 



"Woods Waste 

 16M 



Mill Waste 

 •14.3s« 



Lumber 

 39.l!« 





'Careless mfg. 

 miscellaneous 2.55* 



5 TYPICAL INDUSTRIES 

 Rough Lumber 100 jS 



ill 



III 



Fig. 2. — The percentage of utilization of the volume of a tree when manufactured 

 into lumber. 



Group II. To this group belong also those waste products from Group I for 

 which use as bulk materials can be found. The characteristics of this grou]) are 

 that the entire volume of the log, and a much larger per cent of the volume of the 

 tree is utilized than in Group I. Material may be taken to very small diameters, 

 since size is not a requisite of utility but merely a convenience in handling. For 

 this group, cubic volume is the required standard of measurement, and the use of 

 stacked cubic measure is customary. 



Group III. Nearly all the round or shaped products in this group may also be 

 obtained from larger logs by sawing as poles, ties, fence posts, in which case they 

 can be measured for their contents in sawed lumber. For round products, as poles, 

 piles or posts, or for hewn products, as hewai or " pole " ties, the niunber of pieces 

 of standard sizes and shaj)es is the simplest method of measurement. For this 

 group the important factor in measurement is the set of specifications which deter- 

 mine the grades of product. The waste to be expected in manufacture under Group I 

 is shown in Fig. 2. 



