462 APPENDIX A 



in all merchantable grades; second, the amount of each standard grade of rough 

 boards, expressed in per cent of the total scale of the log, net and gross. 



362. Method of Conducting Mill-scale Studies. A tabulation, classification 

 and summary of the logs so anah'zed permits, first, a correlation between logs of given 

 sizes, appearance and defects, and the actual sawed contents in grades which these 

 logs will produce, hence their actual value; second, the adoption of arbitrary 

 specifications for separating the logs themselves into log classes or grades; third, a 

 comparison of the value of logs of each size and grade with the cost of logging them, 

 enabling both owner of stumpage and operator to determine both the lower limits of 

 merchantability as to minimum size and per cent of sound lumber in a log which 

 warrants its removal and manufacture, and in case only a portion of the merchant- 

 able stand is removed, to know the relative value and profit of removing certain 

 definite classes and sizes of material and leaving others (§ 96). 



The steps in a mill-scale study are: 



1 . Decision as to the exact number and designation of the grades of rough lumber 

 to be tallied. 



2. Scale and record of each log, on the deck. If log grades have already been 

 adopted, the scaler assigns each log to its apparent grade. A full record would 

 embrace the following items: number of log (serial); length, in feet and inches; 

 position in tree, as butt, middle, top; species; average diameter inside bark at small 

 end ; at large end ; width of sapwood ; thickness of bark ; scale, by standard log rule, 

 full and net after deductions for cull defects; estimated log grade; description of 

 defects, preferably graphic, on a diagram showing large and small ends, and both 

 sides of logs. This record requires one man, an experienced log scaler, who will 

 place a number on each log to coincide with his record. Logs scaled sound are given 

 a special mark, and separated in the final tables. 



3. Identification of this product of separate logs. A marker standing behind the 

 head saw marks with crayon each piece sawed from a log. The number of the log is 

 placed on the first few pieces. Different-colored crayons are used for alternate logs. 

 A count may be made of the total number of pieces from a log, as a check on the tally. 

 This work is made quite difficult by a resaw, which tends to mix the products of con- 

 secutive logs on the chains and requires the marking of both sides of the piece. Gang 

 saws further complicate the study. The marker can also check logs scaled as sound 

 for unseen defects appearing in sawing, and make final record of the logs which saw 

 up sound. 



4. Record of grades and sizes. An expert grader, familiar with the standard for 

 the species and locality, will grade each piece. The record, kept on a separate sheet 

 for each log, and given the log number, will show length, width, and grade, by pieces, 

 and a recapitulation or summary for the log, giving in addition to the data copied 

 from the scales, the total board-foot contents in each grade, and the per cent of the 

 sound scale which this equals. This tally requires the services of a tallyman, mak- 

 ing a crew of four men. 



5. Additional data needed, (a) Data on per cent of total contents utilized 

 embrace the measurement of the cubic contents of a log, and the analysis of the 

 volume which goes into slabs, edgings, and sawdust. 



(b) Data on sawing practice include gage of saws, actual widths and lengths of 

 lumber sawed, efficiency of sawyers, methods of sawing, and the output or per- 

 formance of mill. 



(r^ Data on the character of the timber and logs measured, to indicate the 

 comparison with other tracts, whether of higher or lower quality. 



6. Tables or compilation of results. The logs can be classified, first, into sound 



