COPPICE AND COPPICE WITH STANDARDS. 308 



in several places in each year, while the rotation remains the 

 same throughout, equal to r, it is first divided into a corre- 

 sponding number of working sections and then each of the 

 latter into r annual coupes. 



If the several working sections are treated under different 

 rotations, a separate account must be kept for each ; for 

 instance, oak coppice worked for bark alongside of coppice of 

 an entirel}^ different nature, such as alder coppice. 



In order to obtain, as far as practicable, equal annual returns, 

 the calculations should be made with reduced areas, though 

 it is not necessary to go into very minute details. The 

 different coupes should be marked on the ground. 



The final yield is ascertained by estimating the returns, 

 which may be expected from the areas to be cut over during 

 the working plan period. 



Intermediate returns consist of all cuttings made on areas 

 not put down for cutting over during the working plan period. 

 As a rule, they are not of much importance. Their amount 

 should be estimated according to average local figures. 



o. CuppifC tvitJt StandanU. 



The first step is to lay down a division into annual coupes 

 in the same way as for simple coppice ; this division regulates 

 the yield of the underwood. 



The normal yield in overwood, as given on page "236, can 

 serve only as a very general guide ; in reality, the management 

 of the overwood partakes of the character of forest gardening 

 or selection fellings. Hence, this sylvicultural system offers 

 considerable difficulties, if the areas are extensive. Any but 

 a very elastic method of fixing the yield would be out of place. 



The determination of the final yield in overwood is effected 

 by estimating, on the areas to be dealt with during the working 

 plan period, the probable amount of material to be taken out. 

 In doing this, the forester is guided by sylvicultural considera- 

 tions, and the degree of ripeness of the several standards. 

 Whenever fairly equal annual, or periodic, returns are aimed 



