GRAFTING, BUDDING, AND STOCKS. 99 



stocks so influence the tree that varieties worked upon 

 them commence fruiting several years earlier than the 

 same varieties worked upon the ordinary, or free stock. 

 The following are a few outline facts respecting the 

 various stocks used, the purposes for which they are em- 

 ployed, and the influence exercised. 



CRAB AND SEEDLIXG APPLE (Fig. 24). Used for all 

 trees intended for standards for orchards, or for bush or 

 pyramids of the free-fruiting and weak-growing varieties. 



Doucix OR BROAD-LEAVED PARADISE. This stock is more 

 surface rooting than the crab, but almost as rank in 

 growth, and is therefore not of sufficient influence as a 

 dwarfing stock. 



ENGLISH PARADISE (Fig. 25). Used for most varieties 

 of apples for bush culture. The growth of wood is much 

 shorter and closer upon this stock than upon the crab, and 

 with most varieties fruit is produced the second year after 

 grafting, and one of the most important characteristics 

 of this stock is that it produces a mass of fibrous roots 

 which spread horizontally over the surface instead of 

 penetrating so deeply into the subsoil, as in the case of 

 the crab, as shown by the illustrations. 



FRENCH PARADISE. This stock exerts an even more 

 dwarfing influence over the scion than the above, so 

 dwarfing indeed, that it is only suited for the growth of 

 horizontal cordons or very miniature bushes, and for 

 growing in very rich soils. 



PEAR STOCK. Used in all cases for standard orchard 

 trees, and in some cases for pyramids where the soil is 

 very light and dry. The roots penetrate deeply, which 

 in cases of dry soils is an advantage, but on strong lands 

 pyramids make rank growth, and with restrictive pruning 

 become unfruitful. 



