31 6 Navigation. 



provcmeiTts of importance were made by Mr.^ 

 Smeaton, and Mr. M'Culloch, also of Great^ 

 Britain. The complete Azimuth Compass is one 

 of the most valuable presents which modern genius 

 has made to navigators. 



The compass is scarcely of more importance to 

 the mariner, than the celebrated invention of the 

 Quadrant, commonly ascribed to Mr. Hadley, of 

 Great-Britain, but of which the honour really be-^ 

 longs to Mr. Godfrey, a philosophic artist of Phi- 

 ladelphia. To which may be added the numerous 

 improvements of this instrument, some of which 

 were mentioned in another place; to say nothing 

 of many others, under the names o^ Sectants, Oc- 

 tants, &c. constructed on like principles, and for 

 similar purposes. 



Almost all the methods now in use for finding 

 the Longitude, whether by means of Lunar Obser- 

 vations, the position of Jupiter s Satellites, or of 

 well constructed Time-Iieepers, were first brought 

 into general use during the last century. The rise, 

 progress, and authors of these several discoveries 

 and improvements were briefly detailed in a former 

 chapter. The important place which they hold in 

 the annals of navigation is too generally understood 

 to require formal elucidation. 



The invention of Ephemerldes, or Nautical Al-^ 

 7nanacks, is another important event which be- 

 longs to the century under review. They were 

 first published for the use of mariners, by M. De 

 La CjMLLEy about the year 1755. Dr. Maske- 

 i,YNE, in England, follovv'ed his example, and first 

 published them in that country, about the year 

 1 767. The edects of these almanacks in advancing 

 the art of navigation is well known. Their influ- 

 ence in promoting the Lunar method of finding 

 the longitude is worthy of particular remark. The 

 extreme facility witli which that operation, for- 



