84 Kavigiftio?!. [Chap. VIl 



of importance were made by Mr. Smeaton, and 

 Mr. M'Culloch. The complete Azimu/h Compass 

 is one of the most valuable presents which modern 

 genius has made to navigators. 



The compass is scarcely of more importance to 

 tlie mariner, than the celebrated in^^eation of the 

 Q^uadraniy commonly ascribed to Mr. Iladley, of 

 Great Britain, but of ^vhich the honour really be- 

 longs to jNIr. Godfrey;, a philosophic artist of Phila- 

 delphia. To which may be added the numerous 

 improvements of this instrument, some of which 

 were mentioned in another place ; to say nothing 

 of many others, under the names of SexiantSy 

 OcfantSy &'c\, constructed on like principles, and 

 ioi similar purposes. 



Almost all the methods now in use for fmding 

 the Lojigiiude, whether by means of Lunar Obser- 

 vaiiGus, the position of Jupiler's . Salel/ileSy or of 

 well-constructed Time-keepers, were fu'st brought 

 into general use during the last century. The rise, 

 progress, and authors of these several discoveries 

 and impro\ements were briefly detailed in a former 

 chapter. The important place vrhich they hold in 

 the armals of navigation is too generally understood 

 to require formal elucidation. 



The . invention of Ephemerides, or Nautical 

 Jlma7iacs, is another important event which be- 

 longs to the century under review. They ^^erc 

 first published for the use of mariners by M. de 

 la Caille, about the }'ear 17^5. Dr. Maskelyne, 

 in England, followed his exaiViplc^ and first pub- 

 iishud ihem in that country, about the year 17(i7. 

 i'hc cfTecMs of these almanacs in advancing the 

 ;u't of naviL'-ation are v.eH known. Their iniiuence 



