564 DESCRIPTION OF FIGUKES OF SKULLS. 



easily obtained by comparison of the three measurements, (a) of 

 the basi-cranial axis taken from the middle of the anterior border 

 of the occipital foramen, the ' basion ' of Professor Broca, to the 

 fronto-nasal suture; (b) of the ' basio-subnasal' line measured 

 from the ' basion ' to the base of the nasal spine ; and (c) of the 

 ' basio-alveolar line ' measured from the ' basion ' to the edge of 

 the alveolar process of the upper jaw. A fourth facial measurement, 

 that of the length from the fronto-nasal suture to the edge of the 

 alveolar process of the upper jaw, which may be called the ' naso- 

 alveolar ' line, together with the three others just given, enables us 

 to construct two ' facial triangles.' In some cases where the 

 anterior margin of the foramen magnum has been wanting, the 

 facial angles, with apices respectively at the base of the nasal spine 

 and at the fore-edge of the alveolar border of the upper jaw, have 

 been taken by Professor Broca's Nouveau Go7iiometre, described 

 and figured in the Bullet. Soc. Anth. Paris, t. v, V^ Serie, 1861, 

 pp. 943-946, or in his collected Memoires d' Anfhrojiologie, tom. i. 

 pp. 106-109, 1871 \ 



The stature has usually been calculated from an estimate of 

 the length of the femur as being 27*5 to 100 of the entire length 

 of the body. By another method, that of adding the lengths of the 

 femur and tibia together, multipljang by two, and then adding 

 an inch for the calcaneal integument, we obtain sometimes an 

 identical, sometimes a slightly lower stature-estimate. The length 

 of the femur has been measured^ from the point at which the head 

 of the bone abuts upon one flat surface to the middle point of 

 another flat surface which touches the distal ends of both the con- 

 dyles. The length of the tibia has been taken from the level of the 

 femoral articular-surface to that of the astragalar, as by Professor 

 Huxley, I.e. p. 146, and Langer, I.e. p. 65. In some few cases, 

 in which none of the other long bones were available for measure- 

 ment, the length of the humerus, from the upper surface of its 



^ For alveolar prognathism and its linear measurement, see Topinard, L'Ajithropo- 

 logie, p. 303, 1876, and Basse, Ai-chiv fm- Anthropologie, ix. p. 9, 1876. 



^ This measniement, as taken by Professor Huxley (Prehistoric Remains of Caith- 

 ness, p. 147), appears to be preferable for the purpose in question to that taken by 

 Virchow (Archiv fur Antha-opologie, vol. \\. p. 18) from the trochanter major to the 

 external condyle ; or by Liharzig, from the same point to the middle of tlie patella 

 (Gesetz des Wachsthum, p. 321, 1862) ; or by Langer (Wachsthum des Menschlichen 

 Skelets, Denkschi-ift Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Klass., Bd. xxi. S. A. 

 pp. 59, 87), from the apex of the trochanter major to the middle of a line drawn as 

 above as a tangent to the two condyles ; or by Lissauer (Alt-Pommer. Schiidel, p. 8, 

 1872), from the uppermost point of the head of the femur to the under edge of the 

 inner condvlo. 



