566 DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES OF SKULLS. 



of the bones of the trunk and limbs, to pronounce as to the sex 

 of a skull, and it is much more unsafe, as the disputes relative to the 

 EnfT-is skull show, to pronounce positively in cases where the lower 

 jaw and even the base of the skull with the mastoids and the 

 facial bones are wanting also. When such eases have occurred 

 among-st the skulls submitted to me, I have spoken of the sex 

 as ' uncertain ; ' this uncertainty however does not seem to me to 

 attach to any of the figured skulls or calvariae. 



The skulls which have been selected for figuring will put into 

 contrast not only the peculiarities of male and female crania, but 

 also those due to differences in years; special regard having been 

 had in their arrangement to the importance of distinguishing 

 between ethnical characters and those dependent upon age by 

 ranking the skulls of each type in the order of their seniority. 



The following works and memoirs may be consulted as to points 

 distinguishing male from female crania : — 



Humphry, Human Skeleton, 1858, pp. 103-232. 



V. Baer, Crania Selecta, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, tom. 

 viii. 1859, p. 259. 



Welcker, Wachsthum und Bau des Menschlichen Schadels, 1862, 

 pp. 65, 141. Archiv fiir Anthropologic, Bd. i. 1866, pp. 110 and 

 120-127. B. Davis, Ibid., Bd. ii. p. 25. 



Ecker, Ibid. p. 82, and Bd. ii. p. 110, 1867, and Crania Germanise 

 Meridionalis Occidentalis, 1865, p. 78. 



Aeby, Schadelformen, 1867, pp. 10-12. Archiv fiir Anthropo- 

 logic, vi. 1872, p. 302. 



Cleland, Phil. Trans., 1870, pp. 124-132, 161-164. 



Weisbach, Archiv fiir Anthropologic, Bd. i. 1866, pp. 191 and 285. 

 Archiv fiir Anthropologic, Bd. iii, 1868, p. 61. 



With tables such as those given by Dr. Aitken, On the Growth 

 of the Recruit, 1862, pp. 36-38, and by Welcker, Archiv fur Anthro- 

 pologic, i. p. 119, 1864, there is very little difficulty in deter- 

 mining with a high degree of probability the age of skulls below 

 30 years of age, if the bones of the trunk and limbs are available as 

 well as the cranium. This, however, has by no means always been 

 the case with the skulls of this series ; still the condition of the 

 teeth furnishes us with a fair indication for an approximate estimate 



200 years ago and ended much as the one just refen-ed to as recorded hy Plutarch, 

 that 'amongst the Welsh were found many women which had knives near half a yard 

 long to effect some notahle massacres with them.' Mr. W. P. Price has enabled 

 me to prove the truth of this statement by an examination of the skeletons of these 

 invaders. 



