UPON THE SERIES OF PREHISTORIC CRANIA. 655 



would add that whilst this very striking- difference is brought out 

 by taking the average length of the two sets of femora, a simple 

 inspection of the two sets of bones puts them into even sharper 

 contrast. The longer femora very often are also the stronger in a 

 most marked degree, and amongst them are to be seen bones with 

 muscular ridges, and processes indicating the possession by their 

 owners of strength far exceeding that usually observable in the 

 skeletons of the earlier race. In like manner other bones indicate 

 unmistakeably that the earlier was also the feebler folk as a whole^ 

 though humeri and femora are forthcoming from long* barrows 

 which show that men of great muscular power, even if not of great 

 stature, were not wanting amongst the British tribes of the long- 

 barrow period. In some cases the muscular ridges on the long- 

 barrow bones are so well developed on comparatively ill-developed 

 shafts as to suggest the idea of a poorly or only intermittently 

 well-fed population which was constantly worked hardly. The 

 large size of the deltoid ridge on some small humeri has suggested 

 the perhaps fanciful hjq^othesis that the owners of such bones had 

 been employed in lifting the stones of the huge barrows in which 

 they were found entombed. The linea aspera on the femora of the 

 British long barrows examined by me never attains the enormous 

 development which caused Professor Busk and Dr. Falconer to call 

 the femora from the Genista Cave at Gibraltar ' carinate ' (see 

 Trans. Internat. Congress, Prehistoric Archaeology, 1868, p. 160), 

 and which has suggested the name ' femur a colonne ' (Broca, 

 Memoires sur les Ossemens des Eyzies, pp. 14-21, Paris 1868; 

 Topinard, Anthropologie, p. 324, 1876) for similar femora from 

 early sepultures. In the absence of this peculiarity \ as also of the 



to dolicho-cepliali from long barrows, in which no metallic instruments are fovuid, and 

 all of which are anterior in date to the round barrows with which Mr. Mortimer is 

 dealing. In these latter barrows, as the craniogi-aphy of them shows, we have, in 

 Yorkshii-e commonly and to some extent even in the South of England, to deal with a 

 mixed race ; and the effect of crossing, as \\-ill hereinafter be pointed out in the text, 

 is very usually to increase the size of the mixed races. The only cremation long 

 barrows which have been examined in Yorkshire are those described in this book 

 from Rudstone, Ebberston, and Kepwick. The great majority of the statements 

 here made as to the characteristics of the dolichocephalic stock are based upon the 

 examination of skeletons of an unmixed race from the pre-metallic tumuli of 

 Gloucestershire. 



^ Topmard has remarked, I. c. p. 325 (if I am right in supposing that the word 

 cranienne, line 11 from top of page cited, stands by a mis^Drint for the w^ord 

 olecranienne), that the fluted femur is not found in the same collections of bones as 

 the perforated olecranic fossa. No humerus with such perforation was found in the 

 Genista Cave at Gibraltar, where so many carinate or fluted femora were found by 

 Messrs. Busk and Falconer. I should be slow however to think, as M. Topinard 



